Fraxinus

Fraxinus malacophylla Hems. (Oleacese). The source of a Chinese drug Pai-chi-ang-kan, or Ken-ken-yao, and stated to contain an alkaloid, sinine resembling quinine. Tonkin and Work found the drug inactive in malaria in chicks and, like Mukerji, were unable to confirm the presence of an alkaloid. ((1) Liu, Chang, Chuan and Tan, Chin. Med. J., 1941, 59, 575. (2) Nature, 1945, 156, 630. (8) Bnd., 1946, 158, 170.)... 

By the aid of the processes described Tunmann claims to have discovered the resinogenous layer in all the plants examined by him. In the course of his investigations he was able to determine various typical forms of the layer. These he divides into three principal types the rod-type (Viola Fraxinus, Alnus), the vacuola-type (Salvia.Hyssopus), and the mesh or grille-type (Rhododendron, Azalea). 

Hydroxy C28 Dihydroxy acids S Fraxinus excelsior bark 0.9... 

Goldstein etal. (1961) exposed acetylated ponderosa pine for 12 weeks to six basidio-mycete fungi, according to ASTM D1413-56T, with a WPG of 18 % reported to be sufficient to provide decay resistance. Peterson and Thomas (1978) acetylated loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), green ash (Fraxinus americana) and yellow poplar Liriodendron tulipfera), also... 

Acer. Fraxinus, Gleditsia. and Quercus spp. 0.20-0.30 8 Variable symptoms sensitivity 111... 

ASH, white (Fraxinus americana L.) ASPEN, quaking (Populus tremuloides Michz.)... 

Wilhour, R. G. The Influence of Ozone on White Ash (fraxinus americana L.). Center for Air Environment Studies Publ. 188-71. University Park Pennsylvania State University, 1975. 45 pp. 

Bullfinch P.pyrrhula Seeds of ash, Fraxinus sp. Tannins Greig-Smith, 1988... 

On the other hand, borohydride reduction of the ketose o-fructose will give a mixture of o-glucitol and its epimer, D-mannitol. A better approach to D-mannitol would be reduction of the aldose D-mannose. o-Glucitol (sorbitol) is found naturally in the ripe berries of the mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia), but is prepared semi-synthetically from glucose. It is half as sweet as sucrose, is not absorbed orally, and is not readily metabolized in the body. It finds particular use as a sweetener for diabetic products. o-Mannitol also occurs naturally in manna, the exudate of the manna ash Fraxinus ornus. This material has similar characteristics to sorbitol, but is used principally as a diuretic. It is injected intravenously, is eliminated rapidly into the urine, and removes fluid by an osmotic effect. 

In some species, however, e.g. ash, Fraxinus excelsior, cells of the traumatic axial parenchyma of the compartmentalization wall 4 may show no evidence of cell wall alterations, yet appear to act normally as a functional barrier to decay (Pearce, R.B., unpublished data). It is to be presumed that the spread of decay fungi is arrested either by chemical defences or by environmental constraints (cf. 26-28) in such species. Clearly, a contribution may be made by these defences in suberizing species also phytoalexin-like antifungal compounds have been detected in association with a suberized wall 4 barrier in Acer saccharinum (42). More work will be required to elucidate the long-term effectiveness of the various mechanisms maintaining the function of these barrier walls. 

Sankawa. Inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase by lignans and cou-marins of Olea and Fraxinus barks. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1986 40(1) ... 

Bai NS., HK, Ibarra A, Bily A, Roller M, Chen XZ, Riihl R. Iridoids from Fraxinus excelsior with Adipocyte Differentiation-Inhibitory and PPARa Activation Activity. Journal of Natural Products 2010 (73) 2-6. 

Oleuropein, a secoiridoid glycoside Fraxinus excelsior (ash tree), Olea europaea (olive tree) and Ligustrum obtusifolium from the family Oleaceae are the major sources of oleuropein. This compound has hypotensive. 

Fraxinus bungeana DC F. chinensis Roxb. F. floribunda Bunge. F. obovata Blume F. omus L. var. bungeana Hance F. rhynchophylla Hance Zhen Pi (Chinese ash) (bark) Fraxin, aesculin.33 This herb is toxic. Antibacterial, analgesic, antiinflammatory. 

Fraxinus ornus L. China Fraxin, aesculin.33 This herb is toxic. Antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory. 

N.A. Fraxinus americana L. /. excelsior L. F. omus L. Coumarins, flavonoids, tinnins, volatile oil.99 A tonic, astringent, laxative, diuretic, treat fevers. 

Aesculin Fraxinus bungeana, F. chinensis, F. floribunda, F. obovata, F. omus, F. rhynchophylla... 

C. aurantium, Crataegus laevigata, C. monongyna, C. oxyacantha, Cryptotaenia japonica, Datura innoxia, D. metel, D. stramonium, Eleutherocossus senticosus, Ferula assa-foetida, Fraxinus ornus,... 

Clearly then, bluish inks can exist without coloring additives, and there is no experimental evidence that such additives are ever responsible. However, it is difficult to rule them out altogether the historical literature refers to the use of bark from the pepper plant (9) and from Fraxinus pubinervus (2) to obtain a blue-tinged ink. 

Subsequent studies show that iodoalkanes of 1-4 carbons (2388) and chloroacetic acids form abiotically in soil (413), in addition to their well-known biogenic enzymatic formation. An abiotic source of CH3Br is suggested for the emission of this gas from ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and saltwort (Batis maritima), plants having known bromine content (2389). The emissions are a function of both temperature increase and bromine concentration. The natural formation of chloroethyne (58) in soil is also proposed to involve a Fenton reaction (382), as is the production of dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic acids from phenols and soil humic acid (413). 

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