Enzymatic formation

Table 1. ( )-Cyanohydrins by Enzymatic Formation from Aldehydes and Hydrocyanic Acid 14,15...

Table 3. (R)-Cyanohydrins by Enzymatic Formation from Ketones and Hydrocvamic Acid as well as (7 )-a-Hydroxy-a-methyl Carboxylic Acids by Hydrolysis...

Bacteria have been Implicated in the formation of N-nitroso compounds under a wide variety of conditions representing both vitro and vivo situations Mechanisms of participation and/or catalysis Include a) decrease of the pH of the system, b) reduction of nitrate to nitrite, c) adsorption of amine onto the cell surface or cytoplasmic membrane, d) actual enzymatic formation. The literature of the field will be reviewed and experimental evidence which tests the above mechanisms will be presented ... 

Lindblad B, G Lindstedt, S Lindsted (1970) The mechanism of enzymatic formation of homogentisate from / -hydroxyphenylpyruvate. J Am Chem Soc 92 7446-7449. 

Taniuchi H, M Hatanaka, S Kuno, O Hayashi, M Nakazima, N Kurihara (1964) Enzymatic formation of catechol from anthranilic acid. J Biol Ghent 239 2204-2211. 

Prairie RL, P Talalay (1963) Enzymatic formation of testololactone. Biochemistry 2 203-208. 

Gibson DT, JR Koch, RE Kallio (1968) Oxidative degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons. I. Enzymatic formation of catechol from benzene. Biochemistry 9 2653-2662. 

Schldmann M, P Fischer, E Schmidt, H-J Knackmuss (1990b) Enzymatic formation, stability, and spontaneous reactions of 4-fluoromuconolactone, a metabolite of the bacterial degradation of 4-fluorobenzoate. J Bacterial 172 5119-5129. 

Sundaram TK, EE Snell (1969) The bacterial oxidation of vitamin B. V. The enzymatic formation of pyri-doxal and isopyridoxal from pyridoxine. J Biol Chem 244 2577-2584. 

Taniuchi H, O Hayaishi (1963) Studies on the metabolism of kynurenic acid. III. Enzymatic formation of 7,8-dihydroxykynurenic acid from kynurenic acid. J Biol Chem 238 283-293. 

Bolton, J. L. Valerio, L. G. Thompson, J. A. The enzymatic formation and chemical reactivity of quinone methides correlate with alkylphenol-induced toxicity in rat hepato-cytes. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1992, 5, 816-822. 

Nagao, A. and J. A. Olson. 1994. Enzymatic formation of 9-cis, 13-cis, and all-fraras retinals from isomers of beta-carotene. Faseb J 8(12) 968-973. 

Linker, A., K, Meyer and B. Weissmann Enzymatic Formation of Mono-... 

The role of N-acetoxy arylamides as metabolically formed ultimate carcinogens jji vivo also appears to be limited. Their enzymatic formation via peroxidation of N-hydroxy arylamides can be excluded since tissues containing high levels of peroxidases such as the rat mammary gland (83) and the dog urinary bladder (84) do not form acetylated carcinogen-DNA adducts in vivo (63). Their non-enzymatic formation by reaction of acetyl coenzyme A with N-hydroxy arylamides (6 ) cannot be excluded however, even if formed, their direct reaction with cellular DNA appears unlikely as treatment of cultured cells with synthetic N-acetoxy AAF (85,86) results primarily in deacetylated arylamine-DNA adducts, apparently due to rapid N-deacetylation to form the reactive N-acetoxy arylamine (V). 

FIGURE 2.2 Enzymatic formation of thiocholine and detection principles for pesticide. 

ABE, I., MORITA, H NOMURA, A., NOGUCHI, H., Substrate specificity of chalcone synthase enzymatic formation of unnatural polyketides from synthetic cinnamoyl-CoA analogues, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000,122,11242-11243. 

MORITA, H., TAKAHASHI, Y., NOGUCHI, H., ABE, I., Enzymatic formation of unnatural aromatic polyketides by chalcone synthase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 2000,279,190-195. 

Recently, the enzymatic formation of folinic acid has been utilized to synthesize radioactively labeled products.34 The preparation of 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate, 9,3, 5 -3H and 5-formyl-14C-tetrahydrofolate starts with tritiated folic acid, which is reduced to dihydrofolate, incubated in the presence of formaldehyde, dihydrofolate reductase, and NADPH, and finally incubated with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dihydrogenase. The product,... 

Borkenhangen, J.D., Kennedy, E.P., and Fielding, L., 1961, Enzymatic formation and decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine. J. Biol. Chem., 236 PC28-29. 

Thiele R, Mueller-Seitz E, Petz M (2008) Chili pepper fruits presumed precursors of fatty acids characteristic for capsaicinoids. J Agric Food Chem 56 4219 224 Fujiwake H, Suzuki T, Oka S, Iwai K (1980) Enzymatic formation of capsaicinoid from vanU-lylamine and iso-type fatty acids by ceU-free extracts of Capsicum annuum var. annuum cv. Karayatsubusa. Agric Biol Chem 44 2907-2912... 

Schmid, R., Hammaker, L., and Axelrod, J., The enzymatic formation of bilirubin glucuronide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 70, 285-288 (1957). 

The enzymatic formation of 4 from isobutylamine, which is derived from valine, during the biosynthesis of valanimycin, was confirmed by high-resolution MS analysis The importance of the pathway shown in equation 5 is the notion that naturally occurring N—N bond products are likely to involve the condensation of HA and an amine to yield a hydrazine that is subsequently transformed to an azoxy moiety such as that occurring in valanimycin. 

Methylene chloride-soluble radioactivity accounted for only 4-551 of the applied In peanut cell cultures harvested 3 days after treatment with [ CjPCNB. This value remained fairly constant between 3 days and 14 days. Pentachlorothloanlsole and pentachloroanlllne accounted for 1.1)1 and 3.951 of the applied In the cultures 24 hr after treatment. Pentachloroanlllne Increased to 10.5)1 of the applied In cultures that were not shaken during the 24-hr treatment, Indicating that pentachloroanlllne formation was favored under conditions of low oxygen tension. The enzymatic formation of pentachloroanlllne from PCNB In the presence of NADPH, PAD, and an enzyme from peanut occured only under anaerobic conditions IT). 

Table 1 Examples of enzymatic formation of supramolecular assemblies...

Hu BH, Messersmith PB (2003) Rational design of transglutaminase substrate peptides for rapid enzymatic formation of hydrogels. J Am Chem Soc 125 14298-14299... 

Yang ZM, Liang GL, Ma ML, Gao Y, Xu B (2007) In vitro and in vivo enzymatic formation of supramolecular hydrogels based on self-assembled nanofibers of a beta-amino acid derivative. Small 3 558-562... 

Yang ZM, Xu KM, Guo ZE, Guo ZH, Xu B (2007) Intracellular enzymatic formation of nanofibers results in hydrogelation and regulated cell death. Adv Mater 19 3152-3156... 

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