Framework terminology

The examples that have been presented in this section illustrate the approach that is used to describe structure and reactivity effects within the framework of MO description of structure. In the chapters that follow, both valence bond theory and MO theory will be used in the discussion of structure and reactivity. Qualitative valence bond terminology is normally most straightforward for saturated systems. MO theory provides useful insights into conjugated systems and into effects that depend upon the symmetry of the molecules under discussion. 

In recent years the extended controversy concerning the appropriate terminology to use in studies of plant responses to stressful environments (e.g. Kramer, 1980 Levitt, 1980 Harper, 1982) has often detracted attention from the identification and understanding of underlying principles. Despite this it is useful at this stage to outline the main concepts involved and attempt to provide a generally acceptable common framework for further discussions. 

The transition state theory provides a useful framework for correlating kinetic data and for codifying useful generalizations about the dynamic behavior of chemical systems. This theory is also known as the activated complex theory, the theory of absolute reaction rates, and Eyring s theory. This section introduces chemical engineers to the terminology, the basic aspects, and the limitations of the theory. 

The corrections and calibration of filterFRET differ significantly for CCD microscopes and confocal microscopes. This is because in confocal experiments, channel sensitivities are adjusted at will by the experimenter, and because relative excitation intensities show intended-as well as unintended variations (adjustments and drift, respectively). Confocal filterFRET therefore requires frequent, if not in-line, recalibration however, if properly streamlined this should not take more than 15 min a day. It also slightly complicates the mathematical framework, as compared to CCD imaging filterFRET. We aimed to arrive at a comprehensive theory that is equally applicable to both imaging modes. We also proposed mathematical jargon that is a compromise between the widely differing terminologies used in the various publications on this topic. 

Consider reorientations of a diatomic surface group BC (see Fig. A2.1) connected to the substrate thermostat. By a reorientation is meant a transition of the atom C from one to another well of the azimuthal potential U(qi) (see Fig. 4.4)). The terminology used implies a classical (or at least quasi-classical) description of azimuthal motion allowing the localization of the atom C in a certain well. A classical particle, with the energy lower than the reorientation barrier Awhich does not interact with the thermostat cannot leave the potential well where it was located initially. The only pathway to reorientations is provided by energy fluctuations of a particle which arise from its contact with the thermostat. Let us estimate the average frequency of reorientations in the framework of this classical approach. 

The relatively new field of industrial ecology provides a useful organizing framework for DEE (Lowe, 1993). Design for Environment (DEE) is the terminology for the third component of the LCA life-cycle improvement assessment. The principle of sustainable development suggests that companies or individuals should try both to minimize the consumption of virgin natural resources and to minimize the generation of waste material that has no productive use. 

A terminological remark is due. An equilibrium between two media with different fixed charge density (e.g., an ion-exchanger in contact with an electrolyte solution) is occasionally termed the Donnan equilibrium. The corresponding potential drop between the bulks of the respective media is then termed the Donnan potential. By the same token, we speak of the local Donnan equilibrium and the local Donnan potential, referring, respectively, to the local equilibrium and the interface potential jump at the surface of discontinuity of the fixed charge density, considered in the framework of the LEN approximation. 

This review can be divided into four main sections. The first section provides the anatomical background and defines the basic behavioral terminology. The second section reviews studies on the effect of experimental manipulation of DA transmission on conventional and drug reward. The third section reviews the changes in DA transmission in specific brain areas and in the activity of DA neurons in response to conventional as compared to drug rewards, and to stimuli conditioned by them as well as during behavior reinforced by these stimuli. The fourth section provides an interpretative framework of the studies analytically reviewed in the previous sections. 

OCCUPATIONAL AND RESIDENTIAL RISK ASSESSMENT 371 AOELs Versus MOEs 371 Route Considerations 372 Uncertainty and Safety Factor Selection 372 Aggregation and Cumulative Risk Assessment 372 CO-OPERATIVE REGULATORY ACTIVITIES 373 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 374 Terminology 374 Framework 374 Data Requirements 374 Methodological Guidance 375 Development and Utility of Databases 375 Modeling Initiatives 375 Data Analysis 375 Metric Selection 376 Research Needs 376 Exposure Mitigation 376 Risk Assessment 376 REFERENCES 376... 

Development of harmonized pesticide exposure assessment terminology. FRAMEWORK... 

Symmetry of molecules is one of the most easily recognizable molecular shape characteristics, with important consequences for vibrational behavior, spectroscopic properties, and product distribution in chemical reactions. In colloquial chemical terminology, "molecular symmetry" usually means the point symmetry of a formal geometrical arrangement of the nuclei. Point symmetry groups provide a concise and mathematically precise description of the symmetries of the nuclear frameworks. 

The standards and reports in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14000 series provide, in general, an accepted framework and terminology for LCA (although not practical insights). 

The Framework Report is intended primarily for EPA risk assessors, EPA risk managers, and persons who perform work under EPA contract or sponsorship. The terminology and concepts described in the report may also assist other regulatory agencies, as well as members of the public who are interested in ecological issues. 

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