Interpretive frameworks

Specify the Analysis, Interpretation Framework, and the Type of Input Data Required... 

In this contribution, we describe and illustrate the latest generalizations and developments[1]-[3] of a theory of recent formulation[4]-[6] for the study of chemical reactions in solution. This theory combines the powerful interpretive framework of Valence Bond (VB) theory [7] — so well known to chemists — with a dielectric continuum description of the solvent. The latter includes the quantization of the solvent electronic polarization[5, 6] and also accounts for nonequilibrium solvation effects. Compared to earlier, related efforts[4]-[6], [8]-[10], the theory [l]-[3] includes the boundary conditions on the solute cavity in a fashion related to that of Tomasi[ll] for equilibrium problems, and can be applied to reaction systems which require more than two VB states for their description, namely bimolecular Sjy2 reactions ],[8](b),[12],[13] X + RY XR + Y, acid ionizations[8](a),[14] HA +B —> A + HB+, and Menschutkin reactions[7](b), among other reactions. Compared to the various reaction field theories in use[ll],[15]-[21] (some of which are discussed in the present volume), the theory is distinguished by its quantization of the solvent electronic polarization (which in general leads to deviations from a Self-consistent limiting behavior), the inclusion of nonequilibrium solvation — so important for chemical reactions, and the VB perspective. Further historical perspective and discussion of connections to other work may be found in Ref.[l],... 

Finally, the idea of the coupling between nucleophilic attack and proton transfer in the reaetions just discussed provides an interpretive framework for another important atmospheric reaction, namely the hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide N2O5, thought to play an important role in mid-latitude global ozone depletion. 28,29 Indeed a related mechanism was suggested in ref 5 for the low acidify condition hydrolysis. 

The concept of edutainment, a neologism often ascribed to the Disney planners, should also be seen as connected to interpretation. The marriage of education and entertainment which is the basis of the term is functionally equivalent to providing interpretation that is both informative and interesting with the specific difference between the terms being a more explicit recognition of sustainability dimensions in the interpretation framework. Nevertheless the spirit of edutainment, the view that education can be enjoyable and entertainment need not be without intellectual stimulation is highly consistent with quality interpretation. 

The powerful interpretative framework of the Valence Bond (VB) theory has been exploited in several couplings and extensions with continuum models. We mention here the most relevant in the present context. 

The interpretation of QM formalism in terms of the complementarity principle leads to puzzling situations the particle-wave view seems to be fundamentally flawed to the extent classical concepts do not belong to an interpretive framework to quantum mechanics. 

This review can be divided into four main sections. The first section provides the anatomical background and defines the basic behavioral terminology. The second section reviews studies on the effect of experimental manipulation of DA transmission on conventional and drug reward. The third section reviews the changes in DA transmission in specific brain areas and in the activity of DA neurons in response to conventional as compared to drug rewards, and to stimuli conditioned by them as well as during behavior reinforced by these stimuli. The fourth section provides an interpretative framework of the studies analytically reviewed in the previous sections. 

A major difficulty with a role of DA in reward derives from the inextricable relationship between the response-reinforcement construct and the motor performance and by the fact that DA plays an important role in motor functions. Indeed, the possibility of a performance effect although subtle and peculiar, is considered even by Salamone (1992) as an interpretative framework of the effect of impairment of DA transmission on responding. 

Now using as interpretative framework the above-described macroscopic model, we present the results of numerical simulations for slow Da < 1) and fast Da 3> 1) reaction. 

Within an idealist interpretive framework, which downplayed the role of experience, agency and discontinuity in the development of science, Metzger produced an interpretation of the Chemical Revolution that prefigured some of the themes and ideas developed by postpositivist historians of chemistry thirty years later. She rejected the positivist-Whig idea of Lavoisier as the experimental founder of modern chemistry, and she shifted the locus of the Chemical... 

So little is understood about the significance of specific features of metabolism, even within biology, that we find it more confusing than helpful to project the narrow and partly cxtrascient i lie interpretive framework of fine-tuning onto a first analysis. Instead, we start with three wider questions that can be answered independently and that later can be combined in a clearer framing of the question of fine-tuning for metabolism. 

Since these two images are in no way based on actual activity in the laboratory, they were meant to convey the role of the chemist as intermediary and conduit between the mundane and the powerful and sacred. These images place in the viewer s mind the association between the scientist s appearance and the larger context. Even if viewers reject the idea of the chemist as a religious figure, viewers have added the met-onym to their interpretive framework. 

The earliest pulsed laser quantum beat experiments were performed with nanosecond pulses (Haroche, et al., 1973 Wallenstein, et al., 1974 see review by Hack and Huber, 1991). Since the coherence width of a temporally smooth Gaussian 5 ns pulse is only 0.003 cm-1, (121/s <-> 121 cm"1 for a Gaussian pulse) nanosecond quantum beat experiments could only be used to measure very small level splittings [e.g. Stark (Vaccaro, et al., 1989) and Zeeman effects (Dupre, et al., 1991), hyperfine, and extremely weak perturbations between accidentally near degenerate levels (Abramson, et al., 1982 Wallenstein, et al., 1974)]. The advent of sub-picosecond lasers has expanded profoundly the scope of quantum beat spectroscopy. In fact, most pump/probe wavepacket dynamics experiments are actually quantum beat experiments cloaked in a different, more pictorial, interpretive framework,... 

In interpreting framework structure characteristics of zeolites from mid-infrared spectra, it is important that the over-all pattern in the spec-... 

Also, no attempt can be made to provide a comprehensive summary of applications. Rather, to illustrate the kind of information which TR methods can provide, the examples discussed under Applications (Section III) are selected exclusively from the field of heme protein chemistry. This seems most efficient inasmuch as the essential interpretive framework for discussion of the spectral data for these systems has been clearly and relatively thoroughly discussed in [18] of this volume. Finally, although emphasis has been placed on heme protein structure and function, some effort is made in Section IV to identify key articles which can provide access to the literature dealing with TR studies of several other important biological systems. 

Allowed and forbidden reactions were defined by Woodward and Hoffman as those that proceed without and with a change in the orbital occupancies, respectively. This simple picture is only strictly applicable withinpoinf groups that do not allow the two orbitals to interact, but is still a good interpretative framework. 

The LCAO approximation allows us to build up the MOs of a molecule as linear combinations of a basis set of atomic orbitals assigned to each atom. The approximation provides a simple interpretative framework for the nature of MOs and also has important computational advantages. 

---