Risk assessment cumulative

Organophosphate Pesticides Revised OP Cumulative Risk Assessment USEPA, Washington, DC (2002). Also available ontheWorld Wide Web http //www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative/ rra-op/, accessed September 2002. 

The then-current pesticide exposure data and risk assessment models failed to reflect real world exposures and risks. Deficiencies can only be rectified by carrying out cumulative risk assessments (CRA) across all... 

EPA released the first case study of cumulative risks from 24 OPs in food for scientific review in mid-2000. Public comments were solicited and several scientific panel (SAP) meetings were held on various aspects of EPA s quantitative methods. In December 2001 a preliminary OP-CRA (cumulative risk assessment) was released, this time encompassing 30 OPs, additional foods, more residue data and all major routes of exposure. Public comments were solicited again and another series of SAP meetings were held. The revised final OP-CRA was issued in June 2002 after more than 20 SAP meetings and four rounds of public comment (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2002). It is the most sophisticated and data-rich pesticide risk assessment ever carried out. 

Implications of the Food Quality Protection Act Common Mechanism of Toxicity and Cumulative Risk Assessment... 

Soderlund DM, Clark JM, Sheets LP, Mullin LS, Piccirillo VJ, Sargent D, Stevens JT, Weiner ML (2002) Mechanisms of pyrethroid neurotoxicity implications for cumulative risk assessment. Toxicology 171 3-59... 

Common Mechanism of Action Cumulative Risk Assessment by Dose Addition... 

Although the HI method is transparent, easily understandable, and directly relates to the RfD, the major disadvantage is that the RfD is not an appropriate metric to use as a POD for cumulative risk assessment, since the RfD is normally derived by using NOAELs and uncertainty factors, which are not data based, but may incorporate significant policy-driven assumptions. This issue is addressed in detail in Chapter 5. 

The MOE approach is often used to determine the acceptability of acute risks for single chemicals and MOEs of >100 or >10 are usually considered acceptable when derived from toxicological data from animal and human studies, respectively. The US-EPA favors this concept for performing aggregate and cumulative risk assessments (Whalan and Pettigrew 1997). 

US-EPA. 2000a. Proposed guidance on cumulative risk assessment of pesticide chemicals that has a common mechanism of toxicity. Public comment draft., June 22. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs. 

Soderlund DM et al Mechanisms of pyrethroid neurotoxicity Implications for cumulative risk assessment. Toxicology 2002 171 3. [PMID 11812616]... 

USEPA (2007) Triazine Cumulative Risk Assessment and Atrazine, Simazine and Propazine Decisions June 22, 2006, 6 September 2007 update http //www.epa. gov/oppsrrd 1 /cumulative/triazine fs. htm (last accessed 30 April 2010). 

The 1996 FQPA has also mandated that the EPA should also consider implementing cumulative risk assessments for pesticides. Cumulative risk assessments usually involve... 

It can assess risks posed by multiple exposures. Large-scale biomonitoring studies illustrate the need for developing cumulative risk-assessment approaches for biomonitoring data because exposures are typically to mixtures rather than to single toxicants. An examination of the Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, for example,... 

USEPA (2006b). Triazine Cumulative Risk Assessment. Docket ID Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0481... 

USEPA (2006b). Triazine Cumulative Risk Assessment. 

CUSEPA has utilized the atrazine chronic NOEL of 1.8mg/kg/day for cumulative risk assessment. dUK 2007 draft review submitted to the European Commission. eUSEPA 1995 Registration Eligibility Decision. 

Sielken Jr., R.L. (2000). Risk metrics and cumulative risk assessment methodology for the FQPA. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 31 300-307. 

USEPA (2002a). Revised OP Cumulative Risk Assessment, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, (http //www.epa.gov/ pesticides/cumulative/) Washington, DC, June 10. 

USEPA (2003). Framework for Cumulative Risk Assessment, Report No. 630/P-02/001F, Risk Assessment Forum, USEPA, Washington, DC. 

Teuschler LK, Rice GE, Wilkes CR, Lipscomb JC, Power FW. 2004. A feasibility study of cumulative risk assessment methods for drinking water disinfection by-product mixtures. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 67 755-777. 

Cumulative risk assessments evaluate the health risk for aggregate exposures accumulated over time and for multiple contaminants or stressors. In some contexts (e.g. USEPA pesticide risk assessments), cumulative refers specifically to combined exposures to chemicals that share a common mechanism of toxicity (see http // www.epa.gov/oppsrrdl/cumulative/). Populations may be defined by their location relative to sources, their activities and customs, and their susceptibility to exposures. In this context, populations can include different ethnic groups, different communities, or different age groups. Cumulative risk is a very important concept in understanding environmental health risks to children in different settings, particularly in underdeveloped countries where children may be facing multiple stressors. 

USEPA (2006b) Organophosphorus cumulative risk assessment, 2006 update. Washington, DC, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs (EPA ID Docket No. EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0618). 

Cumulative risk assessment The evaluation of the risk of exposure to two or more chemicals. The USEPA defines cumulative exposure under the Food Quality Protection Act to be the evaluation of the risk of exposure to two or more pesticides that work through a common mechanism of action. 

USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 2003a. The feasibility of performing cumulative risk assessments for mixtures of disinfection by-products in drinking water. EPA/600/R-03/051, ORD/NCEA. Cincinnati (OH) US Environmental Protection Agency. 

NRC (2008) Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment The Task Ahead. Committee on the Health Risks of Phthalates, National Research Council. The National Academies Press, Washington DC. http //books.nap.edu/catalog.php record id=12528 orgs. Cited 29 January 2009. 

For classes of pesticides that cause their toxic effects through a common mechanism of toxicity, the non-occupational exposures to all members of the class have to be aggregated and used in a cumulative risk assessment. In 2003, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) published a framework outlining how cumulative risk assessments should be conducted. There is no question that this approach has provided significant challenges to toxicologists, exposure assessors and risk assessors. Much of the developmental work on how to conduct... 

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