Force economy

Two engines are under development as of this writing the two-stroke engine and the lean bum engine. The driving forces behind this development are fuel economy and global warming (see ATMOSPHERIC MODELS). 

Kraft-mehl, n. starch, amylum. -messer, m. dynamometer, -mittel, n. forceful means powerful remedy tonic, -packpapier, n. kraft (wrapping) paper, -papier, n. kraft paper, kraft. -papierstoff, m. kraft pulp, -quelle, /. source of power, -rad, n. motorcycle. -rdhre, /. (Physics) tube of force, -sammler, m. accumulator, -sitz, m. (Mach.) forced fit. -speicher, m. accumulator, -spi-ritus, m. motor spirit, -stoff, m. power fuel, motor fuel (Paper) kraft pulp, -stoffge-misch, n. fuel mixture, -stoffverbrauch, m. fuel consumption, -stoffwirtschaft, /. fuel economy, -strom, m. (Elec.) power current, -iibertragung, /. power transmission, -ver-brauch, m. power consumption, -verkehr, m. motor traffic. 

Jump, D. A. Walker, I. S. Modera, M. P. (1996). Field Measurements of Efficiency and Duct Retrofit Effectiveness in Residential Forced Air Distribution Systems. In Proceedings of the ACEEE 1996 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Vol. 1, pp. 147-155. Washington, DC American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy. 

After 1986, the CAFE and appliance standards in place resulted in stock turnovers to more efficient automobiles and appliances. However, the decline in energy consumption per dollar of GDP slowed appreciably and, between 1986 and 1997, the energy intensity trend remained rather flat. Other forces in the U.S. economy were pushing energy consumption higher, resulting in increases in the energy-intensity measure. 

Indirect household costs summarize all lost opportunities. During the time of illness, a patient and a caring relative cannot work. Therefore, wage-earners lose salaries as well as the economy production force. Sick parents do not have time to take care of their children so that their education will suffer. Therefore, morbidity leads to indirect costs. The term socio-economic costs is used for the total of direct and indirect costs as both have to be shouldered by the society. 

The fact that our daily lives are so dependent on the chemical industry does not appear to be widely recognized, even by those working in the chemical industry. And so, as companies are forced in a world economy to become more productive and more quality conscious, as well as having a greater concern for the environment, it becomes essential that their present and future employees understand the basic concepts upon which the chemical industry (indeed, our modern existence) is based. This book is designed to aid in that understanding by reviewing the important aspects of industrial chemistry in a way that can be understood even by those who have not taken any formal chemistry courses. 

It is a truism that in the past decade density functional theory has made its way from a peripheral position in quantum chemistry to center stage. Of course the often excellent accuracy of the DFT based methods has provided the primary driving force of this development. When one adds to this the computational economy of the calculations, the choice for DFT appears natural and practical. So DFT has conquered the rational minds of the quantum chemists and computational chemists, but has it also won their hearts To many, the success of DFT appeared somewhat miraculous, and maybe even unjust and unjustified. Unjust in view of the easy achievement of accuracy that was so hard to come by in the wave function based methods. And unjustified it appeared to those who doubted the soundness of the theoretical foundations. There has been misunderstanding concerning the status of the one-determinantal approach of Kohn and Sham, which superficially appeared to preclude the incorporation of correlation effects. There has been uneasiness about the molecular orbitals of the Kohn-Sham model, which chemists used qualitatively as they always have used orbitals but which in the physics literature were sometimes denoted as mathematical constructs devoid of physical (let alone chemical) meaning. 

A major world economic power, Japan is a leading Annex I member of Kyoto, committed to cutting emissions. It feels an attachment to the protocol, named after the Japanese city where it was concluded. It recognises the argument that its economy could gain from seeing the treaty in force, as Japanese companies could capture markets for new, clean technology. But Japan is very reluctant to ratify Kyoto unless the Americans do so as well. Without Japanese ratification the protocol is very unlikely to attract the support it needs to become international law. 

As is the case in many industrial economies, we are facing an especially dynamic period in the energy sector, particularly the electricity sector, as the forces of supply and demand, deregulation, and environmental protection come together. 

It is not enough to say we do not want Communism in our economy. If we continue on our old political course., then we shall perish.. . . It is the noblest task of the leader to find ideals that are stronger than the factors that pull the people together. I recognized even while in the hospital that one had to search for new ideals conducive to reconstruction. 1 found them in nationalism, in the value of personality, and in the denial of reconciliation between nations.. .. If one rejects pacifism, one must put a new idea in its place immediately. . .. We must not forget that all the benefits of culture must be introduced more or less with an iron fist just as one time the farmer was forced to plant tomatoes.. .. ... 

Although environmental legislation has been passed in the four Soviet states, as in Iran, the application and enforcement of these new laws is often suspect. Poverty in the Caspian region means that corruption is rampant, and since oil and gas production are the driving forces behind the growth of the region s economies, the enforcement of... 

Domar assumes at the outset that there is full capacity utilization, and moreover that the fraction of labour force employed is a function of the ratio between national income and productive capacity (ibid. 37). Since the supply side models the economy s capacity to produce output, full employment of the labour force requires that the potential change of output is equal to the change in output demanded via the multiplier. Hence, the full employment balanced rate of growth can be established by setting... 

Technical solutions may well tackle the problem. But in terms of global equity, forcing high-end technologies as first choice to combat the adverse environmental impacts of transport will be in favour of the industries in the developed countries. The analysis of world patent applications and global trade flows on behalf of the German Environment Ministry (Edler et al., 2007) demonstrates that developing and transition economies only play a very minor role in the developement and trade of new vehicles and propulsion systems. In the field of sustainable propulsion systems, non-OECD countries participate in world trade with 13% of imports and exports, but contributed only 2% of patent applications in 2005. 

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