For mining uses

Hardingham proposed in 1884 in France, for mining use, cartridges containing dynamite combined either with liquified NH3 or C02 or with flammable liquids such as alcohol, benzene or ether... 

World consumption of potassium salts presentiy exceeds 28 million t of K O equivalent per year. About 93% of that is for fertilizer use (see POTASSIUM compounds). The potash [17353-70-7] industry is essentially a mining and beneftciation industry. The two main fertilizer materials, KCl and K SO are produced by beneftciating ores at the mine sites. The upgraded salts then are shipped to distributors and manufacturers of mixed goods. 

Other Industrial Applications. High pressures are used industrially for many other specialized appHcations. Apart from mechanical uses in which hydrauhc pressure is used to supply power or to generate Hquid jets for mining minerals or cutting metal sheets and fabrics, most of these other operations are batch processes. Eor example, metallurgical appHcations include isostatic compaction, hot isostatic compaction (HIP), and the hydrostatic extmsion of metals. Other appHcations such as the hydrothermal synthesis of quartz (see Silica, synthetic quartz crystals), or the synthesis of industrial diamonds involve changing the phase of a substance under pressure. In the case of the synthesis of diamonds, conditions of 6 GPa (870,000 psi) and 1500°C are used (see Carbon, diamond, synthetic). 

MiningMnnual Review, pubhshed annually by the Mining Journal Ltd., London useful reference for obtaining recent information, also contains annual FuyePs Guide for hst of manufacturers and products for mining and mineral processing. 

Four minerals are the principal commercial sources of potash (Table 2). In all ores, sodium chloride is the principal soluble contaminant. Extraneous water-iasoluble material, eg, clay and siUca, is a significant contaminant ia some of the evaporates being mined from underground deposits. Some European potassium ores contain relatively large amounts of the mineral kieserite, MgS04-H2 0. It is recovered for captive use to produce potassium sulfate compounds or is marketed ia relatively pure form as a water-soluble magnesium fertilizer. 

Carbon and Graphite. Carbon (qv) and graphite [7782 2-5] have been used alone to make refractory products for the lower blast furnace linings, and electrodes for steel and aluminum production. They are also commonly used in conjunction with other refractory raw materials. These materials are highly refractory nonwettable materials and are useful refractories in nonoxidizing environments. Carbon blacks are commercially manufactured, whereas graphite for refractory use has to be mined. 

In its natural form, barium [7440-39-3] Ba, never occurs as the metal but is almost always found as the ore barite [13462-86-7] BaSO. More than 90% of all barium is actually used as the ore, albeit after preliminary beneftciation. The petroleum industry consumed 90% of the ore for oil- and gas-weU drilling duids (muds). The other 10% is used as filler and/or for extender uses and the manufacture of all other barium chemicals. Witherite, the only other significant natural barium ore, is not mined commercially (1). The quantity of U.S. barium chemicals produced in 1986 and 1987 is given in Table 1. 

Computer techniques are used for mine planning and design and for the optimum deployment of mining equipment. The effects of geology, haulage distances, minimum acceptable ore grade (cutoff grade), and by-product revenue are considered. 

Brassylic Acid. This acid is commercially available from Nippon Mining Company (Tokyo, Japan). It is made by a fermentation process (76). Several years ago, Emery Group, Henkel Corp. (Cincinnati, Ohio) produced brassyUc acid via ozonization of emcic acid primarily for captive use in making dimethyl brassylate and ethylene brassylate. A pilot-scale preparation based on ozonization of emcic acid has been described in which brassyUc acid yields of 72—82% were obtained in purities of 92—95%. Recrystallization from toluene gave purities of 99% (77). 

In India, the Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad carries out this testing and provides the necessary certilication for motors used iti explosive atmospheres. But for approval of the equipment, whether it is worthy of use in a particitlar hazardous area, there are accredited agencies.. Some of these are Directorate General Mines Safety. Dhanbad, Chief Controller of Explosives. Nagpur and Directorate General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institute. Bonibav. 

It may turn out that the same drilling technology that is being used to extract nil and gas, and that has been adapted for mining, geothermal, and water supply applications, will someday be equally useful in sequestering CO, in appropriate subsurface geologic formations. 

Diesels are used in many industrial applications (for example, for base-load generation in mines, cement plants and in remote regions of the world). In addition, they are often utilized to provide standby power for hospitals, telecommunications, banks, computer centers and office complexes that must have full independent power capability. The diesel can be started rapidly, making it ideal for peak lopping duties to meet maximum load demands, or for emergency use in cases of power supply interruptions. 

Molybdenum and tungsten are unique in that they are resistant to sulfur, and, in fact, are commonly sulfided before use. The Bureau of Mines tested a variety of molybdenum catalysts (32). They are moderately active but relatively high temperatures are required in order to achieve good conversion, even at low space velocities. Selectivity to methane was 79-94%. Activity is considerably less than that of nickel. Although they are active with sulfur-bearing synthesis gas, the molybdenum and tungsten catalysts are not sufficiently advanced to be considered candidates for commercial use. 

Methilites. Liq expls developed in the USA during WWII for use in linear charges for mine field clearance. Typical, of these were ... 

K chlorate and aromatic hydrocarbons (such as naphthalene), and not more than 12% nitro-hydrocarbons (but no trinitro compds), the remainder consisting of paraffins, fatty oils, flour or other combustibles. It might also contain not more than 4% blasting gelatin. The prefixes Gesteins- and Wetter- were applied if the expls were intended for rock or coal mine use Ref Marshall, Diet (1920), 65... 

More recent work in liq expls using N204 is that of Herickes and Ribovich (Ref 14) who made a two year study for the purpose of providing a material which could be used for mine field clearance. It resulted in two stoichiometric mixts, one of N204—benz (18.5 wt % benz), and the other of N204-nitromethane (64 wt % NM). These mixts exhibited the fol-... 

The conclusion drawn from these and other tests was that since these Kq N204 expls were relatively short lived when exposed to air, reacted with w, were toxic, and propagated unsatisfactorily on the ground, that they were not practical for mine clearing use... 

Frasch process A process for mining sulfur that uses superheated water to melt the sulfur and compressed air to force it to the surface, free energy See Gibbs free energy. free expansion Expansion against zero opposing pressure. 

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