Footprinting methodology

Figure 6. Schematic illustrating DNA footprinting methodology. DNA cleaved by a sequence-neutral cleaving agent yields an even distribution of cuts on end labeled and then denatured fragments (top). When protein is bound to a specific site on the DNA, cleavage at that site is inhibited, and the cleavage pattern on end-labeled DNA shows a blank spot, or footprint (bottom).

Carballo Penela, A. Garcia-Negro, M.C. Domenech, J.E. A methodological proposal for the corporate carbon footprint an application to a wine producer company in Galicia (Spain). Sust. J. 2009,1, 302-318. 

Other aggregation methodologies have also been proposed in the literature. One approach is based on thermodynamics materials, fuels, and wastes can all be expressed as the total consumption or loss of exergy, or energy available to do work (Bakshi and Fiksel, 2003). Alternatively, the metrics may be expressed in terms of land use, or ecological footprint. Land use impacts of energy sources and common household materials have been reported (Chambers et al., 2000). It is unclear, however, whether proxies such as exergy and land use adequately represent overall sustainability impacts. 

Conway Morris focus on convergence exempli lies one general approach to studying adaptation he infers the footprint of natural selection by demonstrating that a particular trait has evolved repeatedly beyond the expectations of chance. The methodology for such analyses has been formalized as the Comparative Method... 

Wallac Oy, Finland has developed a totally automated batch processor for DELFIA and TRF based assays - the 1235 AutoDelfia. This instrument contains all the liquid handling, incubation and detection sections built into a single unit with a comparatibly small footprint. The AutoDelfia is designed for laboratories with well defined routine methodologies. 

Finally, the carbon footprint of a product or a process can only rarely reflect all the important environmental aspects of a product or process choice. Therefore, other environmental impact categories or even technical, social and economic assessments are necessary complements. The carbon footprint has often been the only environmental indicator assessed, due to lack of data or well-developed impact assessment methodology for other impacts, or sometimes because of ignorance of the potential risks constituted by the other environmental aspects. The choice of making a carbon footprint assessment or not and how to complement it with other evaluations must be guided by the decision at hand. 

One of the key methodological issues product carbon footprint standards have to deal with is whether capital goods should be included in the calculations. In some... 

In this study, LCA methodology of a full cradle-to-grave or business-to-consumer carbon footprint approach is used to draw the general map of energy consumption, and later any possible savings opportunities are analyzed and appropriate action plans are structured. In Table 2.5 life cycle stages that are included and also excluded in the conducted work are listed. 

Ewing, B., Reed, A., GaUi, A., Kitzes, J., Wackemagel, M., 2010. Calculation Methodology for the National Footprint Accounts. Global Footprint Network, Oakland. 

Solfs-Guzman, J., Marrero, M., Ramfrez-de-Arellano, A., 2013. Methodology for determining the ecological footprint of the constmction of residential buildings in Andalusia (Spain). Ecological Indicators 25, 239—249. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.10.008. 

Replacing petro / fossil carbon with bio-based carbon by using plant biomass feedstock in place of fossil feedstock for the manufacture of plastic materials offers a strong value proposition for a zero material carbon footprint. It may also reduce the process carbon and environmental footprint. A methodology for quantification of bio-based carbon content has been developed and codified into the ASTM Standard D6866. Using bio-based carbon content calculations, one can calculate the intrinsic CO2 reductions achieved by incorporating bio-based carbon content into a plastic product - the material carbon footprint. 

It is important to report on the process carbon footprint (process footprint arising from the conversion of feedstock to product) using lifecycle assessment methodology to ensure that the intrinsic material carbon footprint value proposition is not negated during the conversion, use, and disposal lifecycle phases of the product. 

---