Focus Shampoo

The purpose of a shampoo is to clean hair. But the shampoo must not clean too well, or all of the protective oils in the hair will 

To sell well, the shampoo must look good, must feel thick or creamy in the hands, and must produce a nice-feeling lather. It must smell good, and it must not be too expensive. Other selling points might be the currently popular herbal extracts, or amino acids from exotic protein sources such as silk or the milk of pygmy goats. 

The most common ingredient in shampoos is also the most common detergent in use in other products a class of surfactants known as straight-chain alkyl benzene sulfonates. Examples are ammonium lauryl sulfate, its sodium relative, and the slightly larger but related molecule ammonium lauryl ether sulfate (sometimes abbreviated as ammonium laureth sulfate). 

These detergents work best in water that has little calcium and magnesium, as these elements bind to the detergent and make an insoluble scum. Tetrasodium EDTA often is used to sequester the calcium and magnesium from the detergent, while keeping them soluble enough to rinse away without scum. 

Cocamide DEA (or MEA or TEA) is used as a foaming agent, to make lather. The other surfactants generate a certain amount of suds, but this foaming agent is added to get the amount just right. In addition to its foam-stabilizing effects, it is also a viscosity booster—it s thick. 

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While the Dove formulation has undergone relatively minor changes since its launch in the U.S. in 1955, the marketing concept has seen major changes. Today s Dove is marketed on a platform of extreme mildness to skin as evidenced by its neutral pH, and has been extended into different skin cleansing product forms (e.g. Dove Body Wash) as well as other personal care products (e g. Dove Shampoo, Dove Deodorant) [3], However, the original problem definition had a very different focus. 

But that was thirty years and many seventy-hour workweeks ago, and today she had come to sell ideas, not products. Her company wasn t small anymore. It had become a 60-million-dollar-a-year enterprise, the leader in natural personal care products such as shampoos, salves, and her trademark lip balm, featuring the funny little pen-and-ink drawing of a sharp-nosed, bearded fellow in a railroad cap Burt, a melding of myth, man, and marketing that took off in a way no one could have predicted. In the last few years she had cashed in and turned her formidable and iconoclastic business skills—not to mention a few hundred million dollars—in another direction, conservation. Her focus was to chart a possible future for the immense Maine Woods in which spruce, pine, and icy blue lakes prowled by moose and lynx and loon would trump the real estate investors vision of resorts, golf courses, and suburban homes on clear-cut lands. 

The range of personal care products is rather wide, such as shampoos, foam baths, shaving products, creams, tooth pastes. An almost complete review of the use of surfactants for cosmetic and personal care purposes was given in [80], We see it necessary to focus on two aspects of the effect of surfactants on the stability of dispersed systems under different application conditions. 

The amphoteric surfactants are relatively expensive products compared to anionic surfactants. Thus, it is not surprising that they are primarily being utilized at low concentrations in cosmetic formulations. A review of 438 shampoos of the U.S. market reveals that appreciable quantities, for example, >5% of alkylamido betaines and imidazolinium surfactants were found in only 8.7% and 13.5%, respectively, of the investigated shampoos. Alkyl betaines were found in a limited number of cases, whereas sulfo betaines were not found in this stndy [4,5]. Since these studies were made, the market has focused on mild products. The change in the U.S. market from bar to liquid soaps has increased the use of alkylamidopropyl betaines. 

Microbial PHA first received widespread attention during the petroleum crisis of the 1970s as a potential substitute for petrochemical-based plastics. Besides being a thermoplastic with properties comparable to that of PE, PHA are also completely biodegradable. The ability to produce PHA from renewable carbon sources also ensures a sustainable green chemistry process. A considerable amount of work has been focused on the production of various types of PHA for applications as commodity plastics. Initially, PHA were used to make everyday articles such as shampoo bottles and packaging materials. 

This chapter mainly focuses on antimicrobial and antioxidant preservatives. Cosmetics containing UV filters were previously discussed in-depth in Section 3.1. On the other hand, cosmetics containing antimicrobial preservatives with other specific functions than protect the cosmetic product, like for example, as antidandruff agents in shampoos or as deodorants, are reviewed in Section 8.8. 

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