Fleas

Drinking Water System Components—Flea/th Fffects, ANSI/NSE Standard 61, NSE International, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1988. 

White phosphorus, iacorporated ia sweet syrup, forms a useful bait for cockroaches. SiUcic acid, Si02 or H2Si02, very finely divided, is a rapidly acting desiccant that kills cockroaches, fleas, termites, and stored-grain pests by dehydration. 

Second-generation juvenoids incorporate more substantial stmctural departures from neotenin and are more resistant to metaboHc and environmental degradation. Epiphenonane, 2-ethyl-3-[3-ethyl-5-(4-ethylphenoxy)-pent-3-en-yl] 2-methyloxirane (131), has a rat oral LD q of 4000 mg/kg. It and similar juvenoids are used in China and Japan to prolong the last larval instar of the silkworm so that silk production is increased 10—15%. Fenoxycarb, ethyl [2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl] carbamate (132) (mp 53°C, vp 0.0078 mPa at 20°C), is soluble in water to 6 mg/L. The rat oral LD q is >16,800 mg/kg. Fenoxycarb has a wide spectmm of activity, interfering with the developmental processes of fleas, cockroaches, and ants. 

The organophosphoms ester dichlorvos is sufficiently volatile to be incorporated either in permeable plastic bottles or plastic strips which permit its controlled release for fumigation of cupboards and closets to control cockroaches, or as flea collars on pets. 

Indoor Pests cockroaches, fleas, flies, Hce, carpet beetles, clothes moths, silverfish, centipedes, millipedes, termites mice, rats mil dew... 

Over 68 aerosol products containing isopropyl alcohol solvent have been reported (145). Aerosol formulations include hair sprays (146), floor detergents (147), shoe poHshes (148), insecticides (149,150), bum ointments (151), window cleaners, waxes and poHshes, paints, automotive products (eg, windshield deicer), insect repellents, flea and tick spray, air refreshers, disinfectants, veterinary wound and pinkeye spray, first-aid spray, foot fungicide, and fabric-wrinMe remover (152) (see Aerosols). 

Repellents Not Using Human Bait (No Attractant). A treated strip of fabric and a control strip are lowered iato a container of crawling arthropods such as ticks, fleas, and mites. After a predetermined time, the strips are lifted, the animals remaining are counted, and the percentage repeUency is determined. 

Repellents Tested with Animal Attractants. Numerous methods have iavolved the use of animals as attractants, foUowed by evaluation of repeUents as skin treatments or attached cloth treatments, often against crawling arthropods such as fleas, ticks, and mites. Animals such as gerbUs, guiaea pigs, camels, mice, shaved rabbits, and hairless dogs have been used, particularly when the toxicity is unknown. 

Aquatic toxicity is reported in mg/L for Pimepha/espromealas (fathead minnow), 69-h LC q 7650 (17) for Daphnia magna (water flea), 48-h EC q 3310 (18) for Mjriophjllum spicatum (water milfoil), phytotoxicity (EC q for growth) 5962 (19) and for Pana breviceps (frog), no observed effect concentration (NOEC) 400 (20). LC q and EC q are lethal and effect concentrations, respectively, for 50% of the subjects tested. 

Benzyl benzoate has been used as an iasect repellent iu formulations for repelling mosquitoes, cbiggers, ticks, and fleas, and iu the control of hvestock iasects. Benzyl benzoate was used iu the Vietnam War to eradicate and repel certain ticks and mites. It has also found some usage iu medicine, cosmetics, and as a plasticizer. 

Suppose we take Yankee Stadium (seating capacity, 67,000) as a model for the atom. To keep the proper scale, the nucleus would be about the size of a flea For the hydrogen atom, the flea would represent one proton. He would be located at the center of the stadium, some-... 

The nucleus occupies about the same relative volume in the atom as does a flea in Yankee Stadium. 

Fable, Lost Child in Woods, 3 Faraday, Michael, 237 Fats, 425 Fermentation, 426 Fermium, oxidation number, 414 Ferromanganese, 403 Fission, nuclear, 120, 419 Flea, 88... 

Fig. 11-3. X-ray microscope. picture of a flea, showing internal organs and structure. (Courtesy of General Electric Company.)...

Flea, x-ray microscope picture, 296 Fluidization, study by x-ray absorptiometry, 84... 

Venoms causing anaphylaxis or other allergic reactions originate almost exclusively from social Hymenoptera, most often honeybees and vespids (fig. 1) [1], occasionally from bumble bees [2], in America [3] and in Australia [4], also from ants. Stings by other insects like mosquitoes, bedbugs, fleas, horse flies and midges can very rarely also cause systemic allergic reactions. These are however not due to venoms but to... 

Infection with rickettsiae gives rise to a variety oftyphus infections in humans, the intermediate carriers being lice, fleas, ticks or mites. Rickettsiae can occur without harm to these arthropod hosts. 

Use pattern Seed, foliar and soil application for sucking insects, some beetles, bollweevils and leafminers for fruits, vegetables, field crops, trees, ornamentals and turf. Used as a termaticide, flea control on domestic pets and ant bait. 

There are several unique topical dosage forms for animals. Four types of which the pharmacist should have a basic understanding or awareness are (a) pour-on/spot-on applications, (b) dust bags, (c) dips, and (d) flea and tick collars. These are used for treatment and prevention of internal and external parasites. 

This dosage form will be most familiar to the pharmacist since it is used for companion animals (dogs and cats) and is sold in most drugstores, supermarkets, and animal health product centers. There are two types of flea and tick collars, also known as slow-release pesticide generators vaporous and powder-producing collars. Both contain the insecticide and a plasticized solid thermoplastic resin. 

Ticks and fleas tend to concentrate in or migrate through the neck area of the animal. As they do this, they contact the active pesticide on or released by the collar and are killed. Powder-producing collars have an advantage over vaporous ones in that by the movement of the dog or cat, the powder crystals (bloom) are rubbed or wiped onto the fur, which expands the contact area allowing it to continue to control the ticks and fleas [20]. 

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