Flash assessment

The flash assessment of the patient should include observation of whether there is evidence of continuing contamination. This may be obvious due to liquid stains and smell. Contaminated clothing should be removed immediately by protected persoimel as part of the decontamination process. Removal of contaminated clothing reduces contamination by about 80 % as discussed in Chap. 4. 

Whereas there is no universally accepted specification for marketed natural gas, standards addressed in the United States are Hsted in Table 6 (8). In addition to these specifications, the combustion behavior of natural gases is frequently characteri2ed by several parameters that aid in assessing the influence of compositional variations on the performance of a gas burner or burner configuration. The parameters of flash-back and blow-off limits help to define the operational limits of a burner with respect to flow rates. The yeUow-tip index helps to define the conditions under which components of the natural gas do not undergo complete combustion, and the characteristic blue flame of natural gas burners begins to show yellow at the flame tip. These... 

Flammability. Since almost all ethers bum in air, an assessment of their potential ha2ards depends on flash points and ignition temperatures. The flash point of a Hquid is the lowest temperature at which vapors are given off in sufficient quantities for the vapor—air mixture above the surface of the... 

In view of the above adverse effects a safety factor should be applied where flammability is assessed using flash point. For pure liquids in containers the vapor should be considered potentially flammable if the liquid temperature is upward of at least 5°C below the reported flash point. For mixtures whose composition is less certain, such as petroleum mixtures, the safety factor should be about 15°C relative to the flash point [55]. Where combinations of adverse effects are identified the safety factors should be increased accordingly. A simple but very conservative approach is to assume that all liquids having a flash point <141°F may produce a flammable atmosphere under some ambient conditions, even where no mist or froth production is involved. A more practical approach is to assume that liquids handled in air at least 5-15°C below their closed cup flash points will not present ignition risks unless... 

Pressure/temperature Operate at moderate temperature and pressure where possible. Avoid superheated liquids, which will flash-off, if practicable Allow for effects of over-/under-temperature, over-/under-pressure. Following assessment (e.g. by HAZOP)... 

The flare valve also allows production to continue momentarily if a compressor shuts down automatically. Even in booster service it may be beneficial to allow an operator to assess the cause of the compressor shutdown before shutting in the wells. In flash gas or gas-lift service, it is almost always beneficial to continue to produce the liquids while the... 

This long assessment of the analysis of the level of error of measurement that goes with flashpoint will be completed later (see para 1.3.7) by considering the effect of impurities that can be found in substances at their flashpoint. Nevertheless, it is sufficient to prove that it is not possible to have any confidence in the data of flash-points that can be found in the technical literature, especially when the safety expert has unique data only. To the author s knowledge, there were not until now... 

Based on the information presented, create a care plan for BW s hot flashes and vaginal dryness. The plan should include (1) a statement identifying the patient problem and its severity, (2) goals of therapy, (3) a therapeutic plan based on individual patient-specific factors, (4) subjective and objective monitoring parameters, and (5) a follow-up evaluation to assess for adverse effects and adherence and to determine if the goals of therapy have been achieved. 

Atmospheric releases of flammable gases such as hydrogen may lead to major fires with extensive effects on the surroundings. In activities where hazards are associated with cloud fires, there is the need of societal risk assessment that involves the estimation of hazardous zones due to the resulting thermal radiation. However, till now only limited work has been done on modeling the effects of flash fires, in a way that available techniques may be judged insufficient [47],... 

The purpose of this article is to review the results of transient low pressure studies of carbon monoxide oxidation over transition metal substrates. Particular emphasis is given to the use of in-situ electron spectroscopy, flash desorption, modulated beam and titration techniques. The strengths and weaknesses of these will be assessed with regard to kinetic insight and quantification. An attempt will be made to identify questions that are ripe for investigation. Although not limited to it, the presentation emphasizes our own work. A very recent review of the carbon monoxide oxidation reaction C l) will be useful to readers who are interested in a more comprehensive view. 

Testing includes screening (e.g., literature research, mixing calorimetiy, thermodynamic calculations, estimation of heats of reaction, DSC, flash point calculations), quantitative assessment (e g., accelerated rate calorimetry, specialized calorimetry), and scaleup (vent size packaging [VSP], modeling, reaction calorimetry). 

Examination of the effect of temperature (220°C-270°C) and the total heating time (20-45 minutes) on the thermal desorption process led us to adopt 2TO°C for 45 minutes as the optimum conditions for further studies. Assessment of the commercially available desorption systems in which there is flash heating of the sample, have shown that significant losses of some important compounds (p-ciesol, indole) occur on the surfaces of the metal connectors and sample transfer lines. It was to overcome these problems that the all silica system (Figure 2) was developed. 

Once an assessment on a particular impurity has been made all process-related compounds will be examined to confirm that the impurity of interest is indeed an unknown. An easy way of doing this is to compare the retention times of known process-related compounds to that in question. If this analysis confirms that the compound is an unknown, the next step would be to obtain an LC-MS on the compound. Mass spectrometry provides structural information which aids in determining structure. In some cases, mass spectrometry will be enough to identify the compound. In other cases, more complicated methods like LC-NMR are needed or the impurity will need to be isolated in order to obtain additional information. Compounds that are not purified often contain high levels of by-products and can be used for this purpose. Alternatively, mother liquors from crystallizations also contain levels of by-products. Other ways of obtaining larger quantities of impurities include flash chromatography which is typically used for normal phase separations or preparative HPLC which is more common for reversed phase methods. Once a suitable quantity of the compound in question has been obtained a full characterization can be carried out to identify it. 

Identifying and analyzing fire hazards and scenarios is the next step in a fire risk assessment. The hazard identification should be structured, systematic, audit-able, and address all fire hazards, including nonprocess fires. The result of the hazard identification is a list of potential fire hazards that may occur at the facility, for example, jet, pool, flash, BLEVE, electrical, or Class A fires. This list should also include the location where each fire could occur. Hazard identification techniques used to identify potential hazards are shown in Table 6-1. 

Douglas JE McKee RH, Cagen SZ, et al A neurotoxicity assessment of high flash aromatic naphtha. Toxicol Ind Health 9 1047-58, 1993... 

The expression "Not Pertinent means that the data item either has no real meaning (such as the flash point of a inflammable chemical) or is not required for assessing a hazardous situation. The expression "Data Not Available" means that the information sought was not found in the general data sources consulted during the preparation of this handbook. In a few cases where important data were not available, values were estimated by usually reliable procedures all such values are labeled "(est.) . If more accurate values for those items are found, they will be included in later revisions. 

Physical and Chemical Properties. While the principal properties of diazinon are well characterized, (ASTER 1995 Howard 1991 HSDB 1996 Merck 1989) there are data gaps for melting point, odor and taste thresholds, autoignition temperature, flash point, and explosive limits for the compound. Additional information on these properties would be helpful in assessing the compound s environmental fate. There are also data gaps for some spontaneously-produced degradation products some of which may be as toxic or more toxic than diazinon. 

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