Firearms

The exemption for firearms is based on the provision of the TSCA statute that says that the term chemical substance does not include  

The referenced provision of the Internal Revenue Code imposes a tax on pistols, revolvers, firearms, shells, and cartridges.Therefore, these articles are exempt from TSCA. 

While the statute itself does not use the word firearm, the regulations do specifically exempt any pistol, firearm, revolver, shells and cartridges from the definition of chemical substance. Presumably, because only the listed articles are exempted from TSCA, the gunpowder used to fill the shells is subject to all of the TSCA regulations. 

There is hereby imposed upon the sale by the manufacturer, producer, or importer of the following articles a tax equivalent to the specified percent of the price for which so sold  

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A Special agency now called the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF) within the U.S. Treasury Department was empowered to regulate the alcohoHc beverage industries. Although less adversarial, but strictly enforced even today (ca 1997), the regulations and their appHcation remain voluminous and detailed. They specify not only label compliance and matters relating to taxation that are of direct interest to consumers, but contain all the details of permitted processes for and additions to wines. 

Cla.ssifica.tlon, In commerce, several classifications of flavoring and compounded flavorings are Hsted according to composition to allow the user to conform to state and federal food regulations and labeling requirements, as well as to show their proper appHcation. Both suppHer and purchaser are subject to the control of the FDA, USD A, and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF). The latter regulates the alcohoHc content of flavors and the tax drawbacks on alcohol, ie, return of a portion of the tax paid on ethyl alcohol used in flavoring. 

Forensic science laboratories are generally divided into separate specialty areas. These typically include forensic toxicology, soHd-dose dmg testing, forensic serology, trace evidence analysis, firearms and tool mark examination, questioned documents examination, and latent fingerprint examination. Laboratories principally employ chemists, biochemists, and biologists at various degree levels. In some specialty areas, eg, firearms examination, questioned... 

Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, MnnualEeport, Mlcoholand Tobacco Summay, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 

Treasury Department Treasury Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Bureau (ATF), Customs Service, Internal Revenue Service... 

Independent of these centers, the FDA also has overlapping jurisdiction with several other federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms the Federal Trade Commission and the Environmental Protection Agency. 

Both sorbic acid and potassium sorbate may be used under U.S. Department of Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms regulations as sterilizing and preservative agents for treatment of wine and juice at up to 300 ppm/L (158). 

In the United States, the Alcohol Tax Unit came into being with the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, and it became the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax division of the Internal Revenue Service in 1952. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), established in 1972, and the Department of the Treasury closely regulate the manufacture of distilled spirits. 

Because of the economic interest in distilled spidts, each country has estabHshed standards for their vadous types of distilled beverages, and countdes mutually respect each other s alcohoHc beverage standards. U.S. Standards of Identity are given by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) (2). 

Distilled spirits are governed by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms regulations. Every botde of distilled spirits must contain a specified percent of alcohol or proof as stated on the label. Proof is the ethyl alcohol content of a Hquid at 15.6°C, stated as twice the percent of ethyl alcohol by volume. 

Packaging for distilled spirits intended for domestic distribution is regulated by the Federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF). This strict supervision estabhshes acceptable container size, labeling, and sealing requirements, as well as the disclosure of information on the shipping container. Furthermore, local and state distilled spirits labeling and packaging requirements must also be met. 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms PubHcation, Title 27, Code of Federal Regulations, Subpart C, Washington, D.C., 1991. 

Liquid carbon dioxide is used as a source of power in certain appHcations. The vapor pressure of Hquid carbon dioxide (7290 kPa or 72 atm at 294 K) maybe used for operating remote signaling devices, spray painting, and gas-operated firearms. Carbon dioxide in small cylinders is also used for inflating life rafts and jackets. 

Denatured Ethanol. Eor hundreds of years alcohoHc beverages have been taxed all over the world to generate government revenue. When ethanol emerged as a key industrial raw material, the alcohol tax was recognized as a burden to many essential manufacturing industries. To lift this burden, the Tax-Eree Industrial and Denatured Alcohol Act of 1906 was passed in the United States. The U.S. Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATE), now oversees the production, procurement, and use of ethanol in the United States. 

Packages and labeling for alcohols, tobacco, firearms, and explosives. 

Military uses for lasers are abundant, from range-finding to guided munitions to laser aiming devices on firearms. Warfare has been revolutionized by the laser. Law enforcement uses lasers to lift hard-to-recover fingerprints and in laser radar speed guns. 

Nature uses cellulose primarily as a structural material to impart strength and rigidity to plants. Leaves, grasses, and cotton, for instance, are primarily cellulose. Cellulose also serves as raw material for the manufacture of cellulose acetate, known commercially as acetate rayon, and cellulose nitrate, known as guncotton. Guncotton is the major ingredient in smokeless powder, the explosive propellant used in artillery shells and in ammunition for firearms. 

Nondestructive NAA can thus be used for the detection and measurement of Ba, Sb (and also Cu) from residue samples collected from the floor surface after the single firing of a handgun. By constructing a unique distribution pattern of these residues, it is possible to establish the flight path of the bullet and the proximity of the gun with respect to the target. The development of this information, particularly in the absence of a firearm, a bullet or an eyewitness, can be of considerable value in criminal investigations... 

Obturation. A process that seals the breech of a gun and prevents the escape of propint gases at the time of firing. In all modem firearms, light and medium artillen7, it is effected by the momentary expansion of the brass or copper cartridge case... 

Pepperbox. A firearm with a cluster of barrels, often a revolver, each barrel of which fires separately. Some weapons with fixed barrels and rotating hammers may also be classed as pepperboxes... 

Percussion Lock. A firearm mechanism in which a cap loaded with a detonating mixt is fitted over a pierced nipple and exploded by the blow of the falling hammer. The flash of the exploding cap is carried to the charge. Its development followed that of the flintlock (See Vol 6,... 

For further historical information the reader is referred to Vol 7, HI 17—61, which has historical data on proplnts interspersed within information relevant and irrelevant to the history of expls and firearms... 

Pyrodex. Tradename of a close substitute for BlkPdr, invented by D. Pawlak and distributed by the Hodgdon Powder Co, Shawnee Mission, Kansas intended primarily for use with replica sporting firearms. It can be loaded volume-for -volume with BlkPdr, producing similar pressures and velocities. It smokes, smells and fouls somewhat like BlkPdr, and it is claimed that Pyrodex is actually safer to handle and store than modern smokeless powder (Refs 1 3)... 

When used in products not licensed for drinking, ethanol usually occurs in the form of denatured alcohol, or specially denatured alcohol—alcohol that has been rendered unfit for drinking. You will often see SD alcohol mentioned on a label, sometimes followed by a number and letter, such as 40-B. This is the designation given by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms to the denaturing method used. For example, SD-40 is ethanol denatured by adding tiny amounts of the most bitter-tasting substance known denatonium benzoate. 

By the end of the war, poison gases filled one in four artillery shells used by both sides. In military terms, however, poison gas failed. Since masks provided quite effective protection, poison gas was never a decisive weapon on the Western Front the fatality rate for firearms was ten times higher. Poison gas was not used in the next world war. In fact, if World War I had continued, chemical warfare would have backfired on the Germans. Prevailing winds blow eastward, and Germany had run out of mask material and had no fabric to reclothe soldiers blistered by corrosive gases. 

Industrial ethyl alcohol Industrial ethyl alcohol that is reclaimed is exempt from RCRA Subtitle C because the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF) already regulates it from the point of generation to redistillation. 

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