Leveling properties

Floor poHshes typically are evaluated for gloss, appHcation and leveling properties, discoloration, sHp resistance, scratch resistance, heel-mark resistance, scuff resistance, damp-mopping and detergent resistance, repairabiHty, lack of sediment, and removabiHty (3). RecoatabiHty and formula stabiHty are also important. A review of test methods is available (35). More than 20 ASTM test methods for floor poHshes exist. From the standpoint of product safety, sHp resistance is a particularly important variable and many test methods are available (39). 

Purity. Electrolytic copper is one of the purest of the materials of commerce. The average copper content of ETP copper, for instance, is over 99.95%, and even the highest level of impurities other than oxygen are found only to the extent of 15—30 ppm. Up to 0.05% oxygen is present in the form of copper(I) oxide. Even at these low impurity levels, properties of interest to fabricators are affected in varying degree. 

Mordant dyes have excellent lightfastness. However, their colors are not so brilliant, and they need treatment of fibers with metal salts such as those of Cr, Al, Fe, or Ni before dyeing, which makes the dyeing process compHcated and leveling properties unsatisfactory. 

Cl Disperse Blue 56 is the most important blue dye for polyester fibers because it has a brilliant shade, excellent lightfastness, and good leveling properties. 

Cl Disperse Blue 73/72222-75-2] Cl 63265) is an example of a dye that was developed to improve sublimation fastness for special use, eg, thermosol dyeing or printing. This dye also has a bright shade, excellent lightfastness and good leveling properties. Cl Disperse Blue 73 (113) is prepared as follows, where R = H or CH,. 

In recent years excellent lightfastness and leveling properties have been required for appHcation to nylon carpet. The dye [66736-54-7] (126) is an example invented for this appHcation (131). 

Cl Acid Gieen 25 [4403-90-1] (3) (Cl 61570) was also invented in 1894. This dye shows improved wetfastness, and is prepared from leucoquinizarin by reaction with 2 moles of i)-toluidine in a similat manner to the preparation of Cl Acid Violet 43 (134). Wetfastness and leveling properties may be altered by choosing the substituents of arylamines. The introduction of alkyl groups into aromatic amines improves the wetfastness and affinity in neutral or weekly acid baths. Examples ate Cl Acid Blue 80 [4474-24-27] (131) (Cl 61585) and Cl Acid Gieen 27 [6408-57-7] (132) (Cl 61580). 

Anthrimides. Despite the facts that anthrimides have excellent leveling properties and cover a wide range of colors from yellow to black, they have htde commercial importance because of their duller shades and lower tinctorial strength. However, the anthrimides are important intermediates for manufacturing anthrimidocarbazoles. Some examples of anthrimide dyes are Cl Vat Orange 20 [6370-69-0] (149), (Cl 6302S), Cl Vat Violet 16 [4003-36-5] (150) (Cl 65020] Cl Vat Black 28 [128-79-0] (151) (Cl 65010] and Cl Vat Red 48 [4478-06-2] (152) (Cl 65205) (Fig. 6). 

Anthraquinone dyes have been produced for many decades and have covered a wide range of dye classes. In spite of the complexity of production and relatively high costs, they have played an important role in the areas where excellent properties ate requited, because they have excellent lightfastness and leveling properties with brUhant shades that ate not attainable with other chtomophotes. However, recent increases in environmental costs have become a serious problem, and future prospects for the anthraquinone dye industry ate not optimistic. Some traditional manufacturers have stopped the production of a certain dye class or dye intermediates that were especially burdened by environmental costs, eg, vat dyes and their intermediates derived from anthraquinone-l-sulfonic acid and 1,5-disulfonic acid. However, several manufacturers have succeeded in process improvement and continue production, even expanding their capacity. In the forthcoming century the woddwide framework of production will change drastically. 

Multi- or simultaneous measurement of nano-level properties and nanolevel functions of materials ... 

The fundamental concept of AL is emergence, or the appearance of higher-level properties and behaviors of a system that - while obviously originating from the collective dynamics of that system s components - are neither to be found in nor are directly deducible from the lower-level properties of that system. Emergent properties are properties of the whole that are not possessed by any of the individual parts making up that whole an air molecule is not a tornado and a neuron is not conscious. 

Because of their good stability, wetting, and leveling properties ether carboxylates are used for vat dyeing of cellulosic fibers [170,171],... 

A gas condenses to a liquid if it is cooled sufficiently. Condensation occurs when the average kinetic energy of motion of molecules falls below the value needed for the molecules to move about independently. Thus, the molecules in a liquid are confined to a specific volume by intermolecular forces of attraction. Although they cannot readily escape, liquid molecules remain free to move about within the liquid phase, hi this behavior, liquid molecules behave like the molecules of a gas. The large-scale consequences of the molecular-level properties are apparent. Like gases, liquids are fluid, so they flow easily from place to place. Unlike gases, however, liquids are compact, so they cannot expand or contract significantly. 

This group includes dyes that react with the fibre at 100 °C or above, without alkali present. Dyes in this group have self-levelling properties so there is no need to exercise control by means of dyeing auxiliaries. Good results can be obtained by controlling the rate of temperature rise. 

In the present work, such a systematic approach to the physical characterization of pharmaceutical solids is outlined. Techniques available for the study of physical properties are classified as being associated with the molecular level (properties associated with individual molecules), the particulate level (properties pertaining to individual solid particles), and the bulk level (properties associated with an ensemble of particulates). Acquisition of this range of physical information yields a total profile of the pharmaceutical solid in question, whether it is an active drug, an excipient, or a blend of these. The development of a total profile is a requirement for successful manufacture of any solid dosage form. 

Table VI shows a comparison of the leveling properties of the ortho-cresol novolac film that was baked at 225 C for 15 min with those for a uv-hardened film of a 7 3 mixture of NA and EBDMA. The mixture had a viscosity of 75 cs and a 10 min leveling period was used before uv hardening. Both films had a final film thickness of about 2 fJ.m.

Flow and self-leveling characteristics of these products are governed by the rheological behavior of the slurrylike materials. At the low water-cement ratios required to ensure proper suspension of the solids, most selfleveling compositions are characterized by a yield stress and thixotropic behavior [75]. To obtain self-leveling properties, the yield stress has to be reduced and this is achieved by the selection and combination of suitable mix ingredients at... 

Models for the dyeing of polyester fibers with disperse dyes have been developed [8], When the dye is applied from aqueous medium, it is adsorbed from the molecularly dispersed aqueous solution onto the fiber surface and then diffuses into the interior of the fiber. The following parameters determine the rate of dyeing and, to some extent, the leveling properties (1) the dissolution rate during the transition from the dispersed crystalline state of the dye into the molecularly dispersed phase, and (2) the diffusion rate at the fiber surface and, especially, in the interior of the fiber. The rates of both processes vary with temperature. 

Heterocycles as Coupling Components. If heterocyclic polyamine coupling components, e g., 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine, are used as coupling components with aromatic diazonium compounds, dyes are obtained that color polyacrylonitrile in lightfast yellow shades and are characterized by excellent leveling properties [5], An example is 1 [6979-64-2],... 

Group D contains the acid dyes with good leveling properties, intermediate molecular sizes, and for the most part good lightfastnesses. 

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