Double cycle

The filling method (See Figure 2) is essentially a fail-safe system in that controls are designed to prevent double-cycling. The filling valve and the reservoir valve are electrically interlocked so... 

Fig. 1. The double cycle system synthesized by a logical method (see Table II), then translated into a continuous description. Taking into account the fact that we took the k and 0 = 1, the equations used are...

Stamford JA, Kruk ZL, Millar J (1984) A double-cycle high-speed voltammetric technique allowing direct measurement of irreversibly oxidised species characterisation and application to the temporal measurement of ascorbate in the rat central nervous system. J Neurosci Methods 70(2) 107—118. 

It is valid, for AA is a residuum work after the work A A has been performed at the temperature Tw- Evidently, the sense of the symbol T w (within the double cycle OO and when AQ0=AQ o) is expressible by the symbol 7 0", which is possible, for the working temperatures of the whole cycle OO are Tw and T "w = 7 0". The relation (30) expresses that fact that the double cycle OO is the direct Camot Cycle just with its working temperatures TW>T =7 0". In the double cycle OO it is valid that... 

The required step-aside is created by the difference Tw-T q>0. The whole information entropy (the thermodynamic entropy in information units) of the whole isolated system in which our double cycle OO is running, the whole output information H (Y ") of this double cycle OO is then a certain function /( ) of the measure II (X I Y) of the structure being measured (observed) and as such, of the value of the argument II (X I Y) from the relation (36). 

The expression (70) means that we have discovered, within the dynamical system OO, the dynamical subsystem O O ( = TM ) which is in a limit cycle. It means the thermodynamic equilibrium within the double cycle O O, thus for its temperatures it is valid that T w = T W,... 

One of the tenets of the chemiosmotic theory is that energy from the oxidation-reduction reactions of the electron transport chain is used to transport protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This proton pumping is generally facilitated by the vectorial arrangement of the membrane spanning complexes. Their stracture allows them to pick up electrons and protons on one side of the membrane and release protons on the other side of the membrane as they transfer an electron to the next component of the chain. The direct physical link between proton movement and electron transfer can be illustrated by an examination of the Q cycle for the b-Ci complex (Fig. 21.9). The Q cycle involves a double cycle of CoQ reduction and oxidation. CoQ accepts two protons at the matrix side together with two electrons it then releases protons into the intermembrane space while donating one electron back to another component of the cytochrome b-Ci complex and one to cytochrome c. 

First, for a graph G a simple invariant is the difference tV(G) - E G) between the vertex and edge counts for G. Clearly this (which is very nearly the cyclomatic number of G) is additive in terms of any disconnected components G might have. It takes the value 0 for a simple cycle and the value 1 for a double cycle such as naphthalene. 

Kiourtsidis, G. E., Skolianos, S. M., and Pavlidou, E. G., A Study on Pitting Behaviour of AA2024/SiCp Composites Using the Double Cycle Polarization Technique, Corrosion Science, Vol. 41, 1999, pp. 1185-1203. 

Plasma. Plasma ntiUzes electrical current to generate a plasma from fluorocarbon gases. This plasma oxidizes the epoxy resin and removes drill smear. Longer cycles or double cycling will generate etchback. Plasma works on any material and is especially effective when processing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based dielectrics. This process has few... 

To conclude this section, let us elaborate further on the restrictions (D) and (E). In case (D) the surface corresponding to the double cycle is of codimension-one, and therefore, it divides a neighborhood of the non-rough system Xq into two regions and D. Assume that in the double limit cycle is decomposed into two limit cycles, and that it disappears in D. The situation in -D is simple — all systems there are structurally stable and, moreover, of the same type. As for D the situation is less trivial if (D) is violated, then it is obvious that besides structurally stable systems in there are structurally unstable ones whose non-roughness is due to the existence of a heteroclinic trajectory between two saddles, as shown in Fig. 8.1.6(a). Moreover, this picture takes place in any neighborhood of Xq- In other words, in the region, there exists a countable number of the associated bifurcation surfaces of codimension-one which accumulate to In such cases the surface is said to be unattainable from one side. 

The point NS. This point is of codimension two as <7 = 0 here. The behavior of trajectories near the homoclinic-8, as well as the structure of the bifurcation set near such a point depends on the separatrix value A (see formula (13.3.8)). Moreover, they do not depend only on whether A is positive (the loops are orientable) or negative (the loops are twisted), but it counts also whether A is smaller or larger than 1. If A < 1, the homoclinic-8 is stable , and unstable otherwise. To find out which case is ours, one can choose an initial point close sufficiently to the homoclinic-8 and follow numerically the trajectory that originates from it. If the figure-eight repels it (and this is the case in Chua s circuit), then A > 1. Observe that a curve of double cycles with multiplier 4-1 must originate from the point NS by virtue of Theorem 13.5. 

The nature of the cation in solution has a profound influence on the structure of cyclical oligomers. With tetraalkylammonium ions [NR4] (R=CH3, C2HS, C3H7, etc.), cages made of double cycles of 3-5 Si04 tetrahedra are stabilized and have been observed in solution [15-20]. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide promotes formation of the cubic octamer [Si802o] (Figure 4.1), which is obtained indirectly after the prismatic hexamer [SifiOis] . This species corresponds to the final evolution of the solution in the pre.sence of tetraethylammonium hydroxide. If tetrabuty-lammonium hydroxide is used, the decamer [5110025] seems to form preferably. 

The effect of tetraalkylammonium ions has not been clearly determined yet. It could be due to the particular structuring role of this type of ions on the solvent, and/or to a polarization effect on the anions. In the presence of [N(CH3)4]", 80% of silicates exist in solution as the double cycles of four silicon atoms ([Sig02o] )-The addition of Na swiftly replaces the cubic units with simple [Si4Qi2]" cycles. Transverse bonds between cycles are broken, probably because of the strong affinity of the solvated Na for the basic oxygen in the silicate. 

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