Combat zone

Phosphorus pentoxide reacts with moisture in the air to form phosphoric acid. WP munitions were used by U.S. military forces and their allies to mark targets and to provide smoke screen coverage for troops and equipment in combat zones. These munitions were produced primarily by the dip-fill or wet-fill method illustrated by Figure 1. The method is called dip-fill because empty munition bodies are dipped below the molten phosphorus level in an open tank until the munitions are filled with liquid phosphorus. The method is also called wet-fill because a water overlay is maintained over the liquid phosphorus (in the fill tank) to prevent spontaneous combustion of the chemical element and because the filled munition will have a slight water overlay (up to 1/8" column height allowed). 

Neither Fraser nor Lyons correlated his study with exposure to CS, but the widespread use of OS and the public clamor resulting from this new aspect of riot control must have been an Important factor In the stress that operated on the Inhabitants of Belfast, both within and outside the combat zone. It seems worth while, therefore, to Include the record of psychiatric effects, even without a direct connection to the use of CS. 

For battlefield trauma, the concept of the golden hour , where a patient must be treated within 60 min of multiple traumas, was identified in data gathered by the French during the First World War. In order to achieve rapid treatment, trauma therapies must be administered directly by the combatants themselves (or their colleagues), trained military medical officers or by a mobile army surgical hospital (MASH) unit located close to the combat zone. 

CZ.Abbr for Combat Zone. A region in a theater of operations where fighting takes place, or where space is designated for the operations of friendly combat forces, extending from the front line to a line or boundary designated by the theater commas der. Also a combat area Ref OrdTechTerm (1962), pp 77 90... 

The instances in which women and children w cre gassed in the w ar w ere very few and in every such case they were gasned be< au ie they wen Ihring (as in this case) in areas so close to the battle front that they might eaEoly have become victims of bullets, shells, or any of the other w eapons of war, as were many thousands of others who risked their lives by remaining in the combat zone. 

In the combat zone, group prot[Pg.265]

For use in the field, a collective protector should be portable on muiur transportation and should be furnished in at least two sizes—one purifying sufficiont air for small gasproof shelters in the fonvard part of the combat area, and one purifying sufficient air for larger shelters in the rear ureas of the combat zone. 

D. Transportation Decontamination. There are three basic modes of evacuating casualties (personnel, ground vehicles, and aircraft) in the combat zone. Actions should be taken immediately to ensure all personnel suspected of being contaminated by a BW agent are cleaned and kept free of... 

How nucleophilic substitution occurs has been one of the preeminent problems in mechanistic organic chemistry for more than 50 years (1-3), and the importance of this process more than justifies this sustained interest. An area that has received particularly close scrutiny is the borderline or combat zone (2) region where potential competition between mechanisms of the SN1 and SN2 type exists. These processes involve formation of a nonspecifically solvated carbocation intermediate in the former case and a direct displacement of the leaving group by a solvent molecule in the latter and are designated kc and ks processes for solvolysis, respectively. 

As a test of the extent of nucleophilic solvent participation in transition states in the borderline or combat zone region, we studied 1-arylethyl... 

Although engineer and infantry specialists are re Mnaible for boobytrap detection and removal, all military organizations as signed to combat zone missions must provide trained men to assist them. 

Early American culture did not normally employ the philosophy of I own—you fix—you operate. Back then it was an attitude of We are all responsible for the equipment. However simplistic it may have been prior to the industrial revolution, it was a matter of necessity and survival, just as it is in a combat zone. 

Figure 1. Scheme ofHIV entry into target cells after binding of HIV envelope to CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 (coreceptor=CoR). Modified from Doms RW and Trono D. The plasma membrane as a combat zone in the HIV battlefield Genes Dev 14 2677 2688, 2000... 

Dorns RW, Trono D. The plasma membrane as a combat zone in the HIV battlefield. Genes Dev 2000 14 2677-2688. 

Recent aircraft design has focused on the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This class of aircraft has been successfully adapted to perform many of the same roles as manned aircraft but at lower cost. The absence of a pilot eliminates many of the safety and life support requirements and also changes the control objectives. For example, rapid acceleration or a bumpy trajectory can hinder a pilot s ability to cOTitrol the aircraft but do not affect the control system of a UAV. Another advantage of UAVs is that they can be used in environments that are xmdesirable for humans. This may include a combat zone or a toxic chemical plume. Moreover, many mission profiles do not require a large payload, and UAVs can be built much smaller to perform these missions because they do not have to support the extra weight of a pilot. Advancements in miniaturization have simultaneously made it possible to build smaller and smaller aircraft. 

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