Filing literature references

Each simulation example is identified by a file name and title, and each comprises the qualitative physical description with drawing, the model equation development, the nomenclature, the ISIM program, suggested exercises, sample graphical results and literature references. The diskette in the pocket at the back of the book contains the programs and the ISIM software. 

Fluorine thermochemistry itself has not been previously reviewed, but has tended to be included in more general reviews and reports, or in data compilations (141,123,151). The most comprehensive literature survey, covering the years 1949-1961 (9), supplements the N.B.S Circular and Notes (203). (N.B.S. Technical Notes 270-3 to 270-7 issued from 1969-1973 were unfortunately published without literature references.) Subsequent work was conveniently traced from annual issues of the Bulletin of Chemical Thermodynamics, and from 1977 to 1979 (May) by accessing the Chemical Abstracts data files. Experimental aspects of fluorine thermochemistry are included in two rather dated volumes (214), and only general detail will be given in this review. 

Another provision of interest to chemists is the compulsory filing of a patentability brief, wherein the inventor discusses pertinent literature references and other background information and explains why his invention is patentable in the fight of this background. This requirement for a patentability brief is not in itself disadvantageous. It does, however, present risks to the patent applicant when considered in the context of other provisions of S.2255, particularly that which requires that the inventor, the assignee, and the attorney investigate all sources of information within their possession or control—this surely means within all... 

Once an entry of interest in the Cambridge X-ray file has been located by one of the search programs, its crystal sequence number can be used to retrieve the appropriate literature reference, structure, or co-ordinate data or both. 

I. X-Ray Literature Search System. The data base used in the X-ray crystallographic search system described in (c) above possesses complete literature references to all entries in the file [4], This information has been made the basis of a system for searching by author, title word, etc, the literature pertaining to the X-ray diffraction study of organic molecules. 

Beilstein File. Beilstein first went on-line on STN International in December 1988 with information on 350,000 compounds, and several months later it was also on Dialog. Beilstein Online now comprises data on five million compounds. The organic substance records contain the critically reviewed and evaluated documents from the beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry, main volume and supplements 1—5, which cover the chemical literature from 1779 through 1979. These evaluated data are indicated as Handbook Data in the notes of literature references. The Beilstein File also contains organic substance records for unreviewed excerpts from the primary literature from 1980 to 1991. 

Before this is closed, three points can be made regarding nomenclature. Older literature uses alpha for the 2-position of the indole ring. Thus, alpha-methyltryptamine, in early literature, refers to the indole-2-methyl, not to a side-chain methyl derivative. Throughout TIHKAL, the numbers are devoted to the indole ring, and the alpha and beta terms to the side-chain. And the use of the letter N refers to the side-chain amino nitrogen atom. The pyrrole nitrogen is the indole position 1. And finally, I found in my old files a news announcement (dated March 25,1974) that Hercules Chemical Company intends to build abig DMT plant in the Southern United States, with an annual capacity of 800 million pounds a year. In the industrial world, DMT can also stand for dimethylterephthalate. 

Over 250,000 x-ray diffraction patterns have been compiled in a library by the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS). Figure 14.2 shows the Powder Diffraction File (PDF) for hexamethylbenzene. The crystallographic information includes a literature reference, cell parameters, space gronp, volume of unit cell, density, intensity pattern, and identification of the diffraction... 

Master file and literature references, anticholinesterase chemicals... 

In the technical library the starting point of all searches is the file of index slips which the library has accumulated. This file includes references in periodicals, government publications, material put out by associations and societies, trade literature, books, literature searches previously made, and miscellaneous material. As in the case of patent searches, an earlier investigation brought up to date may take care of the request or some portion of it. Standard reference works in the field in question are then consulted. Abstract journals are covered next. This step in the search is of the greatest importance, as it serves as a key to the periodical literature. An abstract is not regarded as a substitute for the article abstracted in all but a brief preliminary examination the original reference is read if at all possible. 

Searches made by the two libraries have a direct bearing on the effective production of the patent department. Such a simple bit of information as azeotropic composition may be needed to convince the patent examiner that a separation process will function as claimed in the patent application. Most of the applications rejected are anticipated by or do not distinguish in a patentable sense over prior art. In addition to preventing the filing of applications which would be rejected on patent or literature references, good patentabihty searches are needed by the patent attorney to aid him in judging the proper scope of his claims, so that the result will be a strong patent which cannot later be proved invahd. 

Wehmer s three-volume work (14) is invaluable. In condensed style, consisting mainly of literature references and cross references, this magnificent compilation lists the content of plants and the source of the information. Thus (Volume 1, page 327), Jeffersonia diphylla, one of the above-mentioned rheumatism roots, contains berberine, as was shown by Flexor and Gordin (4). Wehmer covers the literature up to 1934 only and a similar up-to-date compilation would be a welcome addition to the library files. 

Both the literature and patents are continuously classified and filed by use of this classification system. A card file, a reprint file, and a patent file are maintained. The card file contains references to all or almost all of the existing material on each subject the reprint file contains the full text of a large number of the best articles on each subject ... 

Solution Reference 11 is an exhaustive study on component trapping and should be in the files of every engineer dealing with distillation. It is a landmark discussion, since the subject has not been extensively addressed in the literature. Reference 11 discuses five classes of cures to tower accumulation problems. 

There are a number of toxicology databases available on the internet, and recently there has been an amalgamation of the best in the form of TOXNET (http //toxnet.nlm. nih.gov/), a cluster of databases on toxicology, hazardous chemicals, and related areas. The web site provides access to an impressive array of files containing factual information related to the toxicity and other hazards of chemicals. Users can readily extract toxicology data and literature references, as well as toxic release information, on particular chemicals. Alternately, one can perform a search with subject terms to identify chemicals that cause certain effects. A variety of display and sorting options are available. 

Structure registration is the process of entering structural information in a centralized repository, usually a structure database. These repositories serve as a pool for providing structure information that has been created in other departments of a company. Structure databases are set up according to the individual needs of a department or company. They consist of a common representation of a structure in a standardized file format, such as MolFile, SDF, reaction (RXN) (MDL), JCAMP (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), or simplified molecular input line entry specification. Any additional data can be stored with the structure depending on the context typical examples are structure properties, reaction conditions, and literature references. 

This is the oldest patent discussed in this appendix, which was filed in 1927. When we covered the propane deasphalting process in (Chapter 7, we selected some paragraphs from a literature reference that accurately described the technical facets of the process as well as the excitement of the researchers who reported the results (Wilson, Keith, and Haylett, 1936). We have selected a few paragraphs from this patent fw the same purpose the patentee writes,... 

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