Graphical Results

In the bare glass case, note that a rather strong peak of intensity is drawn into the glass, maximal at exactly 0 = 0C, but with significant intensity into supercritical angles. The effect is especially pronounced for dipoles oriented perpendicular to the surface, but is present for any position or orientation distribution. 

In the bare glass case, note that the decay is not exponential, as otherwise would be expected if the reciprocity principle had been misapplied here. Nevertheless, by viewing only supercritical angles, one can selectively observe only those fluorophores within several hundred nanometers of the surface, even if the excitation (rather than the emission) is not surface-selective at all. 

In the metal film case, the intensity is virtually zero for distances less than 5 nm. This quenching effect occurs at all angles, not just supercritical ones. The excitation energy is almost entirely converted into heat in the metal film. At larger distances, the dipole near field couples with surface plasmons whose emission into the glass is centered around 0 = 0P. At even larger distances, the near field is too weak to interact with the surface, and the supercritical intensity drops toward zero. 

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If further resolution is necessary one-third octave filters can be used but the number of required measurements is most unwieldy. It may be necessary to record the noise onto tape loops for the repeated re-analysis that is necessary. One-third octave filters are commonly used for building acoustics, and narrow-band real-time analysis can be employed. This is the fastest of the methods and is the most suitable for transient noises. Narrow-band analysis uses a VDU to show the graphical results of the fast Fourier transform and can also display octave or one-third octave bar graphs. 

We consider an nxn table D of distances between the n row-items of an nxp data table X. Distances can be derived from the data by means of various functions, depending upon the nature of the data and the objective of the analysis. Each of these functions defines a particular metric (or yardstick), and the graphical result of a multivariate analysis may largely depend on the particular choice of distance function. 

Each simulation example is identified by a file name and title, and each comprises the qualitative physical description with drawing, the model equation development, the nomenclature, the ISIM program, suggested exercises, sample graphical results and literature references. The diskette in the pocket at the back of the book contains the programs and the ISIM software. 

Noting that a hot region was developing at T = 0.14 in the last half of the reactor, the inlet concentration was reduced at T = 0.14 to 0.3, then raised to 0.4 and finally to 0.45. The graphical results are shown below. 

Powerful mouse/menu controlled graphical interface creates system block diagrams, generates error-free simulation models, executes the simulation, and displays graphical results. 

We may compare our graphical result with the result obtained from solving for X and y by nonhnear regression fitting of the experimental rate curves to the power law form of eq. (8). Carrying this out using the Excel Solver tool... 

The application was a model test only and no attempt was made to acquire or validate site-specific source data. Specific and prototype point sources and area sources were included most risk came from the nonspecific, hypothetical sources. Risk was computed using unvalldated, hypothetical unit risk factors. Sample graphical results are presented in Figures 3, 4, and 5. 

The reader-simulator should try to relate the simulation results to the parameters used and to the model equations. For this understanding, it is necessary to refer back to the model equations and to the program. Most users will find it useful to make notes of the parameters investigated and to sketch the expected graphical results before they are obtained by simulation. 

Figure 14.7 Graphical results of a screening design to detect the first-order effects of four factors.

Move 1 (Interpret or Explain Results) is often integrated into the poster Results section, thereby becoming a combined Results and Discussion (R D) section. An example of a combined R D section is shown in hgure 9.1. In such posters, interpretative remarks (Discussion) are included right along with the graphics (Results). In this way, space is conserved, and viewers can read and interpret the data simultaneously (usually easier than looking back and forth between the two sections). For instructional purposes, however, we have placed move 1 in the Discussion section, and we use a stand-alone Discussion section in the three hypothetical posters presented below. We follow this approach, in part, to maintain a clear distinction between results (just the facts) and discussion (interpretation of the facts). 

The reader should try and reproduce the graphical results of this section by developing her or his own MATLAB algorithms and verifying her or his results versus the results given graphically in this section. 

As usual in this industrial problems chapter, we do not include actual MATLAB programs for this model. The readers should, however, be well prepared to create such programs and try to verify our included graphical results. 

In summary, we advise that you begin your research project by exploration with fast, approximate methods, but plan to culminate the project using the best affordable method(s). If you need results immediately, as so often happens in the pharmaceutical industry, then low level ab initio calculations to obtain mainly graphical results might be your most practicable option. Here, a small basis set such as 3-21G is worth trying. 

FIGURE 12.12 Graphical results showing the effect of PEG 400 on the peak intensity of compound B in electrospray LC/MS. For this study, rats were dosed IV and PO with a formulation that contained 40% PEG 400, and compound B was added to the extracted plasma samples obtained from the rats at various time points. (Reprinted from Tong et al. [62]. Copyright 2002, with permission from the American Chemical Society.)... 

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