Fibres Rayon

Cellophane is, after chemical modification, obtained from the cellulose in wood, just as paper (from cellulose and lignin), cellulose fibres ( rayon ), and cellulose plastics. Leather is made from animal hides in a tanning process. 

There are three types of regenerated natural fibres - rayon, acetate and protein -the first two are derived from cotton linters or pine wood. Wool like protein based artificial fibres may be regenerated from animal and vegetable proteins. 

Synthetic fibres, manufactured fibres can be divided into those derived from natural polymers (such as regenerated protein fibres rayon, cellulose acetates, or alginates) and those derived from synthetic polymers including nylons, polyesters, acrylics, and polyolefins. 

Generally comprises NR (matrix), epoxidized NR (dispersed phase), vegetable oil, silica and natural fibre (rayon). 

Hearle J W S and Gupta B S (1965), Migration of fibres in yams. Part III A study of migration in staple fibre rayon yarn . Text Res J, 35,788-795. 

From Williams S. and Tonn W.H., Qualitative methods of identifying soybean fibres in mixtures of casein fibre, wool or other textile fibre. Rayon Textile Monfh/y September, 63-64 (523-524), 1941. 

Anon, (1942) Beetles and moths will attack all protein fibres . Rayon Textile Monthly, XXIII (9), 109. 

Natural origin eeo fibre - Organic cotton, organic silk, Ahimsa silk, organic wool. Hemp, bamboo, Kenaf, jute, Sasawashi, Nettle, Sisal, Coconut fibre or Coir, [Banana] fibre. Ramie and Mesta/Roselle. Highly processed natural origin fibre - Rayon type Modal, Lyocell/ Tencel, Ingeo, Seacell. 

In the United States the new entrants included Du Pont (with help from CTA), Tubize, ChatiUon, American Enka, The Industrial Fibre Corp. (later The Industrial Rayon Corp.), American Glan2stoff (later North American Rayon), and American Bemberg. By 1941 the production had risen to 1,250,000 tons. 

C. R. Woodings and A. 1. Bartholomew, "The Manufacture, Piopeities and Uses of Inflated Viscose Rayon Fibres," 23rdMan-Made Fibres Congress, Dombim, Austria, 1984. 

K. L. Gray and 1. A. Me Nab, "The Behaviour of Rayon Fibre in Papermaking Systems," TAPPIPlastic Paper Conference, 1970. 

C. R. Woodings, "The Development of Viscose Rayon foi Nonwoven Appheations," TAPPI Nonwovens Fibres Seminar 1979, pp. 15—28. 

A. G. Wilkes, "Galaxy-A New Viscose Rayon Fibre foi Nonwovens," Proceedings of the INDA-TEC 89 Conference, 1989. 

Dissolution of the cellulose in cuprammonium solution followed by acid coagulation of extruded fibre ( cuprammonium rayon —no longer of commercial importance). In this case the acid converts the cuprammonium complex back into cellulose. 

Leaving aside rayon and artificial silks generally, the first really effective polymeric textile fibre was nylon, discovered by the chemist Wallace Hume Carothers (1896-1937) in the Du Pont research laboratories in America in 1935, and first put into production in 1940, just in time to make parachutes for the wartime forces. This was the first of several major commodity polymer fibres and, together with high-density polyethylene introduced about the same time and Terylene , polyethylene tereph-thalate, introduced in 1941 (the American version is Dacron), transformed the place of polymers in the materials pantheon. 

Other uses of HCI are legion and range from the purification of fine silica for the ceramics industry, and the refining of oils, fats and waxes, to the manufacture of chloroprene mbbers, PVC plastics, industrial solvents and organic intermediates, the production of viscose rayon yam and staple fibre, and the wet processing of textiles (where hydrochloric acid is used as a sour to neutralize residual alkali and remove metallic and other impurities). 

Cellulose may be solubilised by treatment with sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide. It can be regenerated by acidification of the solution. This is the basis of the production of regenerated cellulose fibre, so-called viscose rayon , which is a major textile fibre. The technique is also used for the production of continuous cellulose-derived film, so-called cellophane (from cellulose and diaphane , the latter being French for transparent). 

Clothing - man-made fibres such as rayon and nylon, dyes, waterproofing and other surface finishing chemicals. 

Many other properties have to be considered, especially for apparel fibres, e.g., moisture absorption, ability to dye, drape, texture, weaving characteristics, etc. Many of the properties are influenced by the cross-section profile of the fibre. Thus cotton and some rayons (an artificial synthetic fibre derived from cellulose) are a hollow round fibre silk has a triangular shape giving it a fine lustre and drape. 

The twisted fibre of polyester, rayon, nylon or steel, which imparts strength to the tyre carcase and belt. See Tyre Cord. 

Applied to polymers, i.e., rubbers, fibres or plastics, manufactured by a process which reforms a naturally-occurring substance, e.g., rayon from regenerated cellulose. See Synthetic. Manometer... 

This term was originally intended to denote all kinds of man-made textile fibres, but is now applied only to cellulose types. Viscose rayon (regenerated from a solution of cellulose xanthate in sodium hydroxide) accounts for the greater part of world rayon production. Acetate rayon and cuprammonium rayon are relatively unimportant. 

Carbacell [Carbamate cellulose] A process for making rayon filament and staple fibre. Cellulose is reacted with urea in an inert organic solvent at a high temperature to yield cellulose carbamate. This process avoids the environmental problems caused by carbon disulfide in the viscose process. Developed by Zimmer in the 1990s and piloted in Germany and Poland. Commercialization is expected by 1999. 

In 1891, British chemistry Cross and Bevan discovered that wood pulp when treated with sodium hydroxide solution and carbon disulphide, gets converted into cellulose xanthate. When cellulose xanthate is dissolved in caustic soda solution it gives a viscous solution that could be spun to form fibres called Viscose Rayon. Rayon is produced in large scale today in many countries including India. Rayon (also know as viscose) is in fact regenerated cellulose. 

Polypropylene is also used in the manufacture of filament, injection moulding and film. Polypropylene is widely used for manufacturing ropes and seat covers. Due to its low cost and low density, polypropylene could ultimately compete heavily with cotton and rayon fibres. 

Some polymers, both synthetic and natural, can be spun into long, thin fibres. These fibres are woven into natural fabrics (such as cotton, linen, and wool) or synthetic fabrics (such as rayon, nylon, and polyester). Figure 2.11, on the next page, shows some polymer products. 

Other textile fibres - polyester, rayon, polyamide - have low moduli (see Table 6.12), which limits their plastic reinforcing power. They are used particularly for the reinforcement of soft thermoplastics such as plasticized PVC. 

Geometric effects coupled with diffusion and nucleation usually control the rates of all solids deposition phenomena. Such effects can be put to good use in the production of special products such as cellulose yarn (rayon), by the precipitation of cellulose in filament form as it emerges as sodium cellulose xanthate liquid from the spinnerets into a bath containing sulphuric acid, which extracts the sodium as sodium sulphate, and the carbon disulphide. In a similar manner, the fabrication of aromatic polyimide fibres is performed by dissolving the polymer in concentrated sulphuric acid and forcing the solution through spinnerets into water. 

Fiber or Fibre is any tough substance composed of threadlike tissue, especially when capable of being spun or woven. Fibers may be divided into animal (wool or silk), vegetable (cotton, hemp, flax, ramie, esparto, jute, sisal etc), mineral (asbestos, glass fiber) and artificial (Rayon, Nylon, Orion, Vinyon, Saran etc)... 

---