Manufactured fibres

In recent years there has been considerable interest in aromatic polyamide fibres, better known as aramid fibres. These are defined by the US Federal Trade Commission as a manufactured fibre in which the fibre-forming substance is a long chain synthetic polyamide in which at least 85% of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings. ... 

Table 8.18 Classification of manufactured fibres in solubility groups (SG) according to Stratmann -...

Synthetic fibres, manufactured fibres can be divided into those derived from natural polymers (such as regenerated protein fibres rayon, cellulose acetates, or alginates) and those derived from synthetic polymers including nylons, polyesters, acrylics, and polyolefins. 

Synthetic fibres, followed by cotton, are the most common in apparel production. Although cotton consumption has risen steadily in the past two decades, synthetic consumption has grown much faster and now dominates global fibre production. Cotton accounts for 32.9% of global textile production, synthetic fibres including polyester, acrylic, nylon (polyamide) and polypropylene for 60.1%, wool 2.1%, flax (linen) 1.0% and other ceUulosic 3.9% (Shui and Plastina, 2013). In the apparel context, manufactured fibres can be engineered to mimic natural fibres in handle, function and aesthetic, which makes them attractive for both apparel manufacturers and end consumers. 

Table 11.5 High tenacity, manufactured fibre, tensile properties... 

Aramid—A manufactured fibre in which the fibre-forming substance consists of a long chain synthetic aromatic polyamide in which at least 85% of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings. 

Bajaj P. and SharmaN. D. (1997), Reuse of Polymer and Fibre Waste m Manufactured Fibre Technology (ed. Gupta V. B. and Kothari V. K.), Chapman Hall, New York, 615. 

The employment of waste fibres aims to contribute to the development of sustainable concretes. Indeed, the production of manufactured fibres (mainly synthetic ones) is responsible for an environmental impact that, at some extent, could be reduced if waste materials were used instead. The future of waste fibres as reinforcement for FRC is subjected to the maintenance of suitable properties and durability of those fibres under the high-alkaline environment of... 

V. F. Nazimok and L. M. Pivovar, Development of terephthalic acid manufacture, Fibre Chem., 23 406-409,1992. 

Examples of stress strain behaviour of natural and manufactured fibres. 

The three most commonly used nonwoven fabrics for surgical gowns are spunlace, SMS and wet-laid in weight range of 30—45 g/m. They are based on various forms of natural and manufactured fibres, that is, components such as wood pulp and cotton, or polyester, polyolefin, respectively. Based on the way the links between the fibres take place in the nonwoven — chemically, physically, mechanically, thermally — nonwovens are segmented in different categories. 

The argument between disposable and durable hygiene products will continue, and one obvious solution of this argument is the increased and universal usage of biodegradable natural and manufactured fibres and products across the whole spectrum of products (Anand, 2006). 

None of the vegetable and animcil fibres are of major importance as additives for polymers, although cotton yams were extensively used in flexible composites, including tyre cords, before the development of manufactured fibres to replace them. Cellulosic fibres, derived from cotton or cheaper lignocellulosic sources such as jute and hemp, are used to some extent in gaskets and in other thermosets, and despite their low char temperatures are sometimes added to thermoplastic polymers. 

InnovaQuartz (InnovaQuartz, Phoenix, AZ, USA) has successfully manufactured fibre optic tips, using CO2 laser micro machining (Figure 3C). Melting and compressing the fibres eliminates the dead space between them. An increase of power density and almost complete overlap between illumination and collection areas has been reported. However, this technique is limited to fibre bundles with a few fibres only. 

---