Fibres fibres

Alternatively, non-woven fabrics are produced by directly transforming fibres after carding (formation of the web) into a fabric, without the intermediation of the yarn. Except in the production of felts, which makes use of the felting property of wool (and other animal fibres), fibre-fibre friction plays no role here and there are resins used for bonding. 

Type of fibre Fibre Fibre diameter (pm) length (mm) Density (g/em ) Young s modulus (GN/m ) Poisson s ratio Tensile strength Elongation at (MPa) break %f Pereent by volume (%)... 

Processing tape tape fibres fibres fibres film film inj... 

In order to understand the effect of discontinuous fibres in a polymer matrix it is important to understand the reinforcing mechanism of fibres. Fibres exert their effect by restraining the deformation of the matrix as shown in Fig. 3.28. The external loading applied through the matrix is transferred to the fibres by shear at the fibre/matrix interface. The resultant stress distributions in the fibre and matrix are complex. In short fibres the tensile stress increases from zero at the ends to a value ([Pg.226]

The attenuation of a light transmitted in a sensor system is caused not only by the fibre. Very important are also interconnections component (e.g. light source) to fibre, fibre to fibre, and fibre to component (e.g. photodetector). The connectors can be made in various forms depending on specific requirements. They can be grouped into three main classes ... 

The prevalently used waveguides are optical fibres. Fibre technology is standard in the UV to near-IR, but also some fibres for light transport in the mid-IR have been developed. An overview of different IR fibre materials and their characteristic performance parameters is given in Table 1. More details can be found in a number of reviews focused on the material properties of IR transmitting optical fibres26 31. For some applications, as an alternative to optical fibres also hollow waveguides may be used. 

The majority of the early mechanical recycling solutions for PET bottles were based on open-loop systems for use in applications such as fibre, fibre fill, strapping or sheet. More recently, solutions were developed which create closed-loop bottle-to-bottle recycling [113, 114, 115],... 

Sir Richard Doll, foreword to Dietary Fibre, Fibre-depleted Foods and Disease (Trowell et al., 1985)... 

Fibre Fibre diet tablets Fibre diet tablets"... 

FIG. 2.14 Structural model of a drawn polyester fibre, fibre axis vertical (after Prevorsek and Kwon, 1976 by permission of Marcel Dekker, Inc.). 

FIG. 19.14 Structure model of (A) nylon fibres (B) PETP fibres (fibre axis vertical) as suggested by Prevorsek and Kwon (1976). 

High consistency refining, with more fibre-fibre contact... 

By polymer mixture Graft polymerisation. Bicomponent fibres. Fibres from polymer mixture. 

Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) investigates the changes in the dimensions of a sample as a function of the temperature, for example shrinkage or extension of fibres." It is easier to work here with filaments than with staple fibres. Fibre composites and other materials are also analysed by dynamic loading. This dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) enables, for example, the glass temperature of elastomers to be determined exactly. But in textile damage analysis TMA is seldom used. 

The surface properties of cellulose, wood fibre, and naper are of great importance in the production and utilization of paper and board. Phenomena as diverse as the formation of fibre-fibre bonds in papermaking and the ink-paper interaction during printing processes are certainly influenced by the surface properties of fibres and sheet. With the development of increasingly sophisti-... 

The sharp decrease in surface area at very high water contents is clearly attributable to the filling of pores in the fibre and sheet structure by liquid water. The reason for the decrease in surface area at lower relative humidities is less obvious. One may speculate that fibrillation occurs at the fibre-fibre bond during bond formation, because of the stresses induced by drying under tension. On subsequent re-exposure to a moist atmosphere, the hydrogen-bonded network may relax, and the fibrillated areas may collapse onto the fibre surfaces, causing the observed loss of surface area. 

The calibration procedure provides the basis for the construction of the friction experiment. Figure lb is a schematic diagram of the apparatus. One fibre is incarcerated under a slight tension at both ends (fibre 1). The second fibre (fibre 2) is held rigidly... 

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