Animal fibre

Detergency is about the theory and practice of the removal of foreign material from solids by surface-active substances. This definition excludes pure mechanical cleaning. Also a pure chemical cleaning, e.g., by solvation of the foreign material, is not considered. In textiles oily substances usually attach to the fibres (animal fats, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, etc.). Also dust, soot, and other solid particles have to be removed in a washing process. In order to test the effectiveness of a surfactant, textiles are often polluted with standard dirt mixtures and cleaned with a standard washing procedure (launderometer). Often cleanliness is measured on the basis of optical reflectivity of white textiles. 

In nature, thread-like polymeric material fulfils an essential structural role. Plant life is built mainly from cellulose fibres. Animal life is built from linear protein material such as collagen in skin, sinew and bone, myosin in muscle and keratin in nails and hair. The coiled polypeptide chains of the so-called globular proteins which circulate in the body fluids are folded up to give corpuscular particles. 

Green is the first known usefnl system for identifying the classes of dyes on wool and cellulosic fibres. Clayton updated the Green system with more effective reagents and covering more dyes Hurwitz, Salvin and McConnell presented a system to identify dyes on cellulosic fibres, animal fibres and synthetic fibres in an AATCC publication. ... 

Table 56. Carcinogenicity of fibres animal experiments versus human pathology (from Friedberg and Schiller 1988)...

World production of I2 in 1992 approached 15 000 tonnes, the dominant producers being Japan 41%, Chile 40%, USA 10% and the former Soviet Union 9%. Crude iodine is packed in double polythene-lined fibre drums of 10-50-kg capacity. Resublimed iodine is transported in lined fibre drums (11.3 kg) or in bottles containing 0.11, 0.45 or 2.26 kg. The price of I2 has traditionally fluctuated wildly. Thus, because of acute over-supply in 1990 the price for I2 peaked at 22/kg in 1988, falling to 12/kg in 1990 and 9.50/kg in 1992. Unlike CI2 and Br2, iodine has no predominant commercial outlet. About 50% is incorporated into a wide variety of organic compounds and about 15% each is accounted for as resublimed iodine, KI, and other inorganics. The end uses include catalysts for synthetic rubber manufacture, animal- and fowl-feed supplements. 

C27H45OH, crystallising in the form of acicular crystals and found in all animal fats and oils, in bile, blood, brain tissue, milk, yolk of egg, the medullated sheaths of nerve fibres, the liver, kidneys and adrenal glands. 

The GALDI-MS measurements covered a selection of natural ester waxes, both from animal (beeswax, shellac wax, spermaceti) and vegetable sources (candelilla, cane, carnauba, cotton fibre, esparto, ouricouri). Generally, the waxes were readily distinguishable by their characteristic distribution of molecular masses. In some cases, markers could be identified on the basis of literature data. 

A product used in upholstery and as a resilient packaging material. It is made by spraying a loose mat of curled animal hair with latex and applying heat to vulcanise the rubber. The resilience of the product comes from the fibres, the junction points of which are anchored by the rubber. 

The initial approach adopted entailed administration of naked plasmid DNA housing the gene of interest. This avenue of research was first opened in 1990, when it was shown that naked plasmid DNA was expressed in mice muscle cells subsequent to its i.m. injection. The plasmid DNA concerned housed the P-galactosidase gene as a reporter. Subsequent expression of P-galactosi-dase activity could persist for anything from a few months to the remainder of the animal s life. The transfection rate recorded was low (1-2 per cent of muscle fibres assimilated the DNA), and the DNA was not integrated into the host cell s chromosomes. 

Figure 5.2 Therapeutic interventions for decreasing colorectal mucosal bile acid exposure as a CRC chemoprevention strategy. 1) Lifestyle modifications including reduction in dietary animal fat and increased fibre intake may, at least partly, be explained by reduction in luminal primary (cholic acid [CA] and chenodeoxycholic acid [CDCA]) and secondary (deoxycholic acid [DCA] and lithocholic acid [LCA]) bile acids. 2) Reduction of secondary bile acids, which are believed to have pro-carcinogenic activity could be obtained by decreased bacterial conversion from primary bile acids. 3) Alternatively, bile acids could be sequestered by chemical binding agents, e.g. aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) or probiotic bacteria. 4) Exogenous ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) can reduce the luminal proportion of secondary bile acids and also has direct anti-neoplastic activity on colonocytes in vitro.

Cellulose differs from amylose principally in the stereochemistry of the acetal linkages, which are a in amylose but P in cellulose. a-Amylase is specific for al 4 bonds and is not able to hydrolyse pi 4 bonds. An alternative enzyme, termed cellulase, is required. Animals do not possess cellulase enzymes, and thus cannot digest wood and vegetable fibres that are predominantly composed of cellulose. Ruminants, such as cattle, are equipped to carry out cellulose hydrolysis, though this is dependent upon cellulase-producing bacteria in their digestive tracts. 

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