Fibres bonding between

In addition to the nature of resin and fibre, the laminate properties also depend on the degree of bonding between the two main components and the presence of other additives including air bubbles. Because of this some parts, fabricated by simple hand building techniques, may exhibit strengths no better or even worse than unreinforced materials. This problem is often worst with glass fibres which are therefore normally treated with special finishes to improve the resin-glass bond. 

Formation of covalent bonds between dimethyl phosphite, glucose and amino groups in wool keratin, stabilising the loosened fibre structure. 

Cellulose fibres produced from hardwoods, with various chemical surface treatments to ensure that they are compatible with rubbers, can be used to produce high modulus vulcanisates. The bond between rubber and fibres is created during vulcanisation. These fibres can be used to reinforce extruded hoses gaining orientation in the direction of flow. There is a range of fibres available which are compatible with different rubber types. 

The observed range of the shear modulus varies between 1.5 GPa in filaments of regular count to 3 GPa in microfilaments, which correlates with the degree of orientation and crystalline perfection in the fibres [40]. Compared to the theoretical value of the modulus of shear between two hydrogen-bonded chains of 4.1 GPa, it indicates softening due to the van der Waals bonding between the hydrogen-bonded planes. 

For the transformation of the macrocomposite model to a molecular composite model for the ultimate strength of the fibre the following assumptions are made (1) the rods in the macrocomposite are replaced by the parallel-oriented polymer chains or by larger entities like bundles of chains forming fibrils and (2) the function of the matrix in the composite, in particular the rod-matrix interface, is taken over by the intermolecular bonds between the chains or fibrils. In order to evaluate the effect of the chain length distribution on the ultimate strength the monodisperse distribution, the Flory distribution, the half-Gauss and the uniform distribution are considered. 

The capacity of nylon or the protein fibres to adsorb simple organic or inorganic acids is closely equivalent to their respective contents of accessible amino groups. More complex dye anions, however, differ in their affinity for these fibres owing to nonpolar bonding between the hydrophobic portions of the dye molecule (alkyl substituents and unsubstituted aryl... 

In the case of quaternary derivatives made from the non-planar aliphatic amines 7.64, 7.65 and 7.66, steric strains further destabilise the C-N+ bond so that reaction with cellulose occurs under alkaline conditions at 30 °C, whereas temperatures of about 40-50 °C are required for the pyridinium derivatives 7.67. The quaternisation approach appeared to offer the opportunity to prepare dyes yielding reactivity levels intermediate between those of aminochloro- and dichlorotriazine dyes without loss of the desirable stability of the dye-fibre bond to acidic conditions that is characteristic of aminohalotriazine dyes. Unfortunately, this ideal was not attainable because of the objectionable odours of the tertiary amines liberated by the fixation reaction and the sensitivity of the reactivity behaviour of the quaternised derivatives to the nature of the chromogen attached to the triazine ring, making it difficult to select compatible combinations of dyes. 

Surprisingly, however, dyes of the chlorodifluoropyrimidine type readily form a perhydroxide derivative that leads to cumulative damaging effects on dye-fibre bond stability. A comparison between seven different haloheterocyclic systems each attached to the same chromogen (phenylazo H acid) demonstrated several important conclusions [89] ... 

The relationship between dye-fibre bonding and light fastness was examined for ten sulphatoethylsulphone reactive dyes on cellulose and it was shown that the stronger the bonding between dye and substrate, the more stable was the dyeing when exposed to light... 

At the point of contact between the cellulosic fibres a strong bond is formed once the fibres have been dried. These bonds are formed by hydrogen bonds between the polysaccharides at the fibre surface. Mechanical and other properties of paper are not only dependent on the nature of the fibre distribution but also on the bonding between the fibres and the inherent fibre strength itself. Bonding between... 

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