Faunas

Marsh/fen Amphipods, copepods Chironomid insect larvae, gastropods, isopods 

Deepwater Nematodes, amphipods, copepods, oligochaetes Crayfish, clams, oligochaetes, gastropods, isopods, midge larvae 

Alluvial Nematodes, oligochaetes, terrestrial invertebrates (mitesacari, springtails-collembola) Oligochaetes including earthworms, crayfish 

Freshwater Nematodes, amphipods, oligochaetes Oligochaetes, polychaetes, midge larvae 

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The time taken to complete a base line study and EIA should not be underestimated. The baseline study describes and inventorises the natural initial flora, fauna, the aquatic life, land and seabed conditions prior to any activity. In seasonal climates, the baseline study may need to cover the whole year. The duration of an EIA depends upon the size and type of area under study, and the previous work done in the area, but may typically take six months. The EIA is often an essential step in project development and should not be omitted from the planning schedule. 

One particular common piece of legislation worth noting is the requirement for an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to be performed prior to any appraisal or development activity. An EIA is used to determine what impact an activity would have on the natural environment (flora, fauna, local population), and will be used to modify the activity plan until no negative impact is foreseen. More details of the EIA are given in Section 4.0. 

In addition to reproductive effects, fish exposed to endocrine disrupters may have a decreased response to stress or decreased growth and metabolism which can affect their ability to survive, or to defend themselves against predators. All of these factors can affect the ability of the species to survive and to reproduce itself in sufficient numbers to maintain the stocks on which our commercial and sport fisheries are based. Not all fish species will be equally susceptible to the effects of endocrine disrupters. Selective sensitivity to such effects, especially those affecting reproduction, may well lead to major changes in the flora and fauna of some of our major aquatic ecosystems as the balance between fish, mammals, invertebrates and plants, and between predators and prey, is destabilised... 

Water Flora and fauna, e.g. fisheries and shell beds... 

Until we know which perspective is more reflective of Earth s climate as a whole—the last ten thousand years, or a longer period of time—it will be difficult to put recent warming trends in perspective, or to relate those trends to potential impacts on the climate and on Earth s flora and fauna. 

Succession of flora and fauna refers to the deposition of sedimentary material, which will include the remains of plant and animal life that existed at the time of the deposition of these rock particles. The fossils of these plants and animals will be found in the rock formations that result from the deposition. The presence, absence, or change of the plant and animal life within a sequence of the geologic column provide important information that allows for the correlation of rock formations (and, thereby, relative time) from location to location. Also, the fossil records within sequences give important information regarding the evolution of life through geologic time. 

In planning a drilling operation, the location and access are primarily keyed to environmental decisions. The access and location must be able to maintain the traffic load, and also mitigate any impact on local resources such as flora, fauna, cultural and aesthetic. In certain instances, the preparation of an environmental assessment followed by a environmental impact statement may be considered warranted due to proximate ... 

Fouling deposition of flora and fauna on metals exposed to natural waters, e.g. sea-water. 

In five pilot plants that can be used to simulate the route of anionic surfactants from the consumer via the effluent purification plant to the receiving water, possible toxic effects of residual surfactant content and breakdown products of the secondary alkanesulfonates were investigated [102]. As indicators of the effects on living organisms of the effluent in the receiving water, flora and fauna that are frequently encountered in the p-mesosaprobic zone were used as models. The embryo-larval test was also employed as an additional method for the detection of toxic compounds in the water. 

Wishart Ml (2000) The terrestrial invertebrate fauna of a temporary stream in southern Africa. Afr Zool 35 193-200... 

Figure 2.2. Carbon and nitrogen isotope values of marine fauna from Belize, Ecuador (van der Merwe et al. 1993), and the southwestern Cape coast of South Africa (Sealy and van der Merwe 1986).

Table 2.2. Carbon isolope values in collagen of modern and ancicni fauna wiih C3 plant diets. The isotope values for ancient armadillo were not included in the average since they dearly consumed some C4 plants.

In this paper, I attempt to refine the predictable isotopic differences between collagen and carbonate that can be found in modem faunas from temperate and cold areas, using samples from Europe, Siberia and northwestern North America. Some of the results presented here have been published previously (Bocherens et a/. 1991a, 1991b, 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1 6 Bocherens and Mariotti 1992 Fizet et al. 1995) but additional new data are reviewed as well in order to present a new synthesis. This should provide a framework that can be used to assess the quality of preservation of the isotopic signatures in Pleistocene mammal bones and teeth from these areas. 

Bocherens, H., Fogel, M.L., Tuross, N. and Zeder, M. 1995b Trophic structure and climatic information from isotopic signatures in a Pleistocene cave fauna of southern England. Journal of Archaeological Science 22 237-340. 

Lee-Thoq5, J.A. 1989 Stable carbon isotopes in deep time. The diets of fossil fauna and hominids. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 174 pp. 

Sillen, A. 1988 Elemental and isotopic analyses of mammalian fauna from southern Africa and their implications for paleodietary research. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 76 49-60. 

Lee-Thorp, J.A. 1989 Stable Carbon Isotopes in Deep Time. The Diets of Fossil Fauna and Hominids. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Cape Town. 

Bone and tooth enamel from modem animals were collected in 1984 and 1993 from skeletons exposed on the surface in Sibiloi National Park, located on the east shore of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya. In addition to its interest as the site of numerous fossil hominid discoveries, the Turkana area provides an ideal controlled situation for the present study. The park is a circumscribed area surrounded by human pastoral groups and the nondomestic fauna remain to a great extent within its confines. Water sources are limited to the lake, ephemeral streams, a limited number of waterholes, and the plants eaten by the animals. The streams last on the order of days and in dry years do not flow at all. The non-domestic animals from which the bone and enamel were collected likely obtained most of their drinking water from the lake itself Domestic animals entered the park in 1984 during a severe drought. Their drinking water sources may have varied widely. 

Figure 6.5. 5 0 of tooth enamel phosphate versus body size (log scale) for Kenyan fauna analyzed in this study. With the exception of the dikdik, there is a general association between the two variables. In contrast to tbe body-size model (Bryant and Froelicb 1995) wbicb predicts a range of values close to l%o, however, the measured range in 8 0 values for species averages is 5%a. This and the anomalous values for the dikdik reflect physiological and behavioral adaptations by these desert adapted species. 

Wright, J.E. (1995). Development and use of a system for predicting the macroinvertebrate fauna found in flowing water. Australian Journal of Ecology 20, 181-197. 

Hawaii A Natural History Geology, Chmate, Native Flora and Fauna above the... 

Stanley, S. M. 1986. Anatomy of a regional mass extinction PUo-Pleistocene decimation of the western Atlantic bivalve fauna. Palaios 1 17-36. 

Vuilleiunier, F. 1971. Pleistocene changes in the fauna and flora of South America. Science 173 771-780. 

Criteria 1) Relevance to human health endpoints. 2) Sensitivity to change in loadings. 3) Overall historical data quality. 4) Data collection infrastructure. 5) Feasibility of data collection and analysis. 6) Ability to adjust for confounding factors. 7) Understanding of linkages with rest of ecosystem. 8) Broad geographic distribution. 9) Well-known life history (for fauna). 10) Nonintrusive sampling. 

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