Geologic column

It is estimated that the earth s age is in the neighborhood of 4 to 7 billion years. These estimates are basically derived from carbon-14, potassium-40, uranium-235, and uranium-238 dating of earth rocks and meteorites. The meteorites give important data as to the age of our solar system. Geologic time is felt to be represented by the presence of rock intervals in the geologic column (layers of rock formations in vertical depth) or by the absence of equivalent rocks in correlative columns in adjacent locations [25,26]. The two basic factors that are used to determine geologic time are ... 

Succession of flora and fauna refers to the deposition of sedimentary material, which will include the remains of plant and animal life that existed at the time of the deposition of these rock particles. The fossils of these plants and animals will be found in the rock formations that result from the deposition. The presence, absence, or change of the plant and animal life within a sequence of the geologic column provide important information that allows for the correlation of rock formations (and, thereby, relative time) from location to location. Also, the fossil records within sequences give important information regarding the evolution of life through geologic time. 

The fluid pressure in the rock at the bottom of a well is commonly defined as pore pressure (also called formation pressure, or reservoir pressure). Depending on the maturity of the sedimentary basin, the pore pressure will reflect geologic column overburden that may include a portion of the rock particle weight (i.e., immature basins), or a simple hydrostatic column of fluid (i.e., mature basins). The pore pressure and therefore its gradient can be obtained from well log data as wells are drilled. These pore pressure data are fundamental for the solution of engineering problems in drilling, well completions, production, and reservoir engineering. 

Because the geologic column of sedimentary rock is usually filled with saline water, the pore pressure and pore pressure gradient can be obtained for nearly the entire column. Figure 2-57 shows a typical pore pressure gradient versus depth plot for a Gulf Coast region well. 

Figure 2. Geologic column of northeastern Oklahoma showing coal beds. Coals included in this study are marked ( ). (Reproduced with permission from reference 25).

Temperature is the best and most reliable tool to establish the depth of groundwater circulation. Knowledge of the depth of circulation may be used to infer the types of rocks in the geological column and the area of recharge, topics to be discussed later on in light of case studies. 

Figure 1. Geologic column and sample locations for the Kinneman Creek Bed lithologic sequence at the Center Mine sampling section 1-D...

Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary—In the geological column of sediments, the transition from sediments of the Cenozoic era to those of the Mesozoic era. A thin layer of iridium-rich material at this boundary was probably laid down by the asteroid that created the Chixulub crater in Mexico. 

Fig. 2-30. Geological column and logs of borehole 3427 at the Karik-Javr section in Pechenga ore field, Kola peninsula, Russia 1- moraine 2- garnet-biotite gneisses 3- shadow migmatites 4-alumina gneisses 5- plagio-amphibolites 6- biotite-chlorites 7- biotite gneisses 8- copper-nickel sulphide ore.

Most of us are familiar with the geologic column from high school textbooks. In short, the geologic column divides the supposed history of Earth into five eras, each of which has its appointed age. (The Cenozoic Era runs from 25 thousand to 70 million years ago, the Mesozoic Era from 70 million to 200 miUion years ago, the Fhleozoic Era from 200 to 600 rruUion years ago, the Proterozoic Era from 600 million to 1 biUion years ago, and the Archeozoic Era from 1 biUion to 1.8 biUion years ago.)... 

A simplified geologic column according to evolutionary theory. 

This all sounds good in theory, but in actuality the only place that the geologic column is ever found is in textbooks. It is not a reality in the field. In other words, you can t take a drill, bore down into the earth, and from the core samples retrieved see the geologic column of fossils and rocks stacked up one upon another. Evolutionist scientists admit this, but the fact that students are taught the geologic column shows the bias that secular, humanist education takes. Students are given the impression that these rock layers can be found neatly placed one on top of the other, with these convenient index fossils present to indicate the age of the rock. This is patently false. 

John Woodmorappe, The Geologic Column Does It Exist Creation ExNihilo TechnicalJoumalU 2)JlSZ, 1999. 

These force scale factors were used in the tests for fabrication the artificial materials of the PFESA model (see Table 2). The model is divided into nine layers with the help of the geological column map of Qishan. The lithology and thickness for each layer, number of layers for plate are described in Fig. la,b. And the roadway located in the central model. 

---