Starch staining

Proteia and starch stains are removed by proteases and amylases, respectively. Fats and oils are generally difficult to remove at low wash temperatures by conventional detergents. By usiag Upases, it is possible to improve the removal of fats/oils of animal and vegetable origin even at temperatures where the fatty material is ia a soUd form. Particulate soils can be difficult to remove, especially if the particle sise is small. Removal of particulate soil from cotton fabric can be improved by use of a ceUulase which removes cellulose fibrils from the surface of the yam. 

Waxy com starch, also known as waxy maize starch, consists of only amylopec-tin molecules, giving this starch different and useful properties (see Chapter 3). This genetic variety of com was discovered in China in the early 1900s, when com plants were transferred from the Americas. The starch stains red with iodine, not blue as ordinary starches do. When the com kernel is cut, the endosperm appears shiny and waxlike, and the com was termed waxy com or waxy maize. However, it contains no wax. 

Protein stain removal Starch stain removal Lipid stain removal Cleaning, color clarification, anti-redeposition (cotton)... 

Cucumber cotyledons were inoculated with purified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 20 to 24 hours before vacuum infiltration with different concentrations of crude water extracts of plant leaves (4). After 7 days, inoculated leaves were harvested and stored 24 hours in the dark in a moist chamber to remove excess starch. Starch lesions were counted after clearing with alcohol and staining with an iodine-potassium iodide-lactic acid mixture. The inhibitory effects of various extracts were demonstrated by comparing lesion counts of treated cotyledons to counts on control cotyledons. 

Fig ure 3. Starch gel electrophoresis of hemoglobins. Tris-EDTA-boric acid buffer, pH 9.0. O-Dianisidine stain. 

The identification of anionic polyfacrylic acid) sizes can be carried out by staining with a fluorescent cationic dye (Cl Basic Orange 14) followed by spectroscopic measurement of excitation wavelength and fluorescence emission [195,196]. Such methods can also be used (with Cl Basic Orange 14 or Cl Basic Red 1) to detect and estimate carboxymethylcellulose, poly(vinyl alcohol) and starch derivatives [197]. 

Fig. 4. — Monitoring of the Multiple Molecular Forms of Tomato Pectinesterase by Starch-gel Electrophoresis.98 [ENZ, detection of pectinesterase activity by paper print with pectin and Bromothymol Blue PROT, protein staining with nigrosin O, origin. Key A, 1 crude tomato extract after ammonium sulfate salting-out, and dialysis 2 pectinesterase fraction from column of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 3 and 4 pectinesterase fractions from column of Sephadex G-75. B, Two parts of the same gel after horizontal slicing 1, 500 fig of the isolated form of pectinesterase from a column of CM-Seph-adex C-50 with 175 mM phosphate-sodium chloride buffer 2, active fraction at 150 mM buffer 4 and 5, 250 fig and 1 mg of the isolated form of pectinesterase, respectively.]...

Especially in the US and European markets, amylases have been added to detergents along with proteases since 1973 to capitalize on the activity of the amylases toward starch-containing soils. From different amylases available, only a-amylases are used for detergents. They are able to catalyze the hydrolysis of the amylose and amylopectin fractions of starch, i.e., cleavage of the a-l,4-glycosidic bonds of the starch chain [15]. This facilitates the removal of starch-based stains by the detergent. 

Smithies vertical starch gel electrophoresis (S7) separates the plasma proteins more distinctly than any other method. If the Hp concentration is normal, the Hp type can generally be recognized directly after the staining for proteins, but sensitive and more specific staining for heme groups, e.g., benzidine, o-dianisidine (04), and malachite green (N5) are preferable. This technique consumes more hydrolyzed starch than the simpler original horizontal electrophoresis technique (S5). 

Primary axillary hyperhidrosis (Botox only) The recommended dose is 50 units per axilla. Define the hyperhidrotic area to be injected using standard staining techniques (eg. Minor s Iodine-Starch Test). Botulinum toxin type A is reconstituted with 0.9% nonpreserved sterile saline (100 units/4 mL). Using a 30-gauge needle, 50 units of botulinum toxin type A (2 mL) is injected intradermally in 0.1 to 0.2 mL aliquots to each axilla evenly distributed in multiple sites (10 to 15) approximately 1 to 2 cm apart. 

---