Fatty add soaps

Air-entraining Neutralized wood resins Fatty add soaps Alky-aryl sulfonates —3 to 0... 

Anomolous results have been observed in some emulsion polymerizations inverse dependencies of A, Rp, and X on surfactant concentration. Some surfactants act as inhibitors or retarders of polymerization, especially of the more highly reactive radicals from vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride [Okamura and Motoyama, 1962 Stryker et al., 1967]. This is most apparent with surfactants possessing unsaturation (e.g., certain fatty add soaps). Degradative chain transfer through allyl hydrogens is probably quite extensive. 

Fatty adds are predominantly used as intermediates. Main applieations are water soluble soaps for household eleaning, personal care, industrial and institutional (I I) cleaning and synthetic rubber manufacturing by emulsion polymerization. Soaps are made by reaction of fatty acids with caustic alkalis, alkali carbonate or ammonia or (>90%) by direct saponification of the triglyceride oil. Another important group of fatty add soaps are dry, water-insoluble metal soaps used as lubricants or stabilizers for PVC and other plastics and aqueous calcium stearate dispersions applied as paper coating... 

Crowther, B. G., Peptization of natural rubber in an internal mixer, Pt II. Fatty add soaps and blends with chemical peptizers, Nat Rubber TechnoL, 14(1), 1983, 1. 

The aqueous extracts containing the soaps are freed from dissolved petrol ether by heating in a beaker on the boiling water bath, and the fatty adds are then precipitated with hydrochloric acid they set to a cake on cooling. The yield is A-5 g. 

Distillation. The second key step in continuous soapmaking is distillation. Originally, fatty adds made in hydrolyzers were add washed to split out the zinc soap and then bleached to improve color, but continuous distillation of the hydrolyzer fatty adds results in lighter soap from darker stocks at lower cost. 

The fatty adds from the hydrolyzer are collected in the still feed tank and vacuum-dried to reduce moisture to low levels. Then they are flash-distilled at an absolute pressure of 2-5 mmHg. The still bottoms are recirculated through heat exchangers back to the still to carry the heat necessary for vaporizing the fatty acids. The stall bottoms, which contain the zinc soap catalyst and unsplit fat, are removed from the system, acidulated to remove the zinc, and frequently used in animal feeds. The fatty acid vapors from the still pass to several water condensers m series. The condensed fatty acids diop to a singe tank for posthaidening 01 diiectly foi neutialization. 

Sulphur in the Fatty Acids.—10 grams of the substance are saponified with alcoholic potash and the soap decomposed with an add, the sulphur fn an aliquot part of the fatty acids separating being determined, by fusion with caustic potash and nitre and predpitation as barium sulphate, Free sulphur = total sulphur minus sulphur in fatty adds. 

Fabrics in which the Separate Threads and their Interweaving remain visible (oiled, tarred, impregnated with wool-fat or fatty adds, treated with aluminium or copper acetate or aluminium tannate, aluminium, copper, or iron soap or resinate). 

Bynum, D. G., Senyk, G. F., and Barbano, D. M. (1984). Determination of free fatty add content of Cheddar cheese by a copper soap method. J. Dairy Sci. 67,1521-1524. 

As fuel for the body, fatty acids are stored in the form of triacylglycerols. Triacylglycerols can be hydrolyzed to form glycerol and the corresponding fatty adds in a process called lipolysis. Notice that this process is simply the reverse of esterification. In the lab triacylglycerols can be cleaved by the addition of NaOH, a process called saponification. Saponification is the production of soap. 

Triglycerides are hydrolyzable into their component fatty adds and glycerol. They are espedally susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis. If KOH or NaOH is used, the process is saponification and the products, sodium and potassium salts of fatty adds, are called soaps. In the human organism, triglycerides are hydrolyzed by various esterases called lipases. These enzymes are quite spedfic, and they do not necessarily remove all three fatty add molecules from a triglyceride molecule. Thus, pancreatic lipase, the main lipid digestive enzyme of the small intestine, catalyzes the removal of fatty acids from positions 1 and 3 only. 

E) Preparation of Free Fatty Adds. Place 5 g of the crude soap in a 50-ml beaker, add 30 ml of water, and heat nearly to boiling until it dissolves. Add 7-8 ml of 6 iV sulfuric acid, and stir until the oily layer of fatty acids separates as a distinct layer on the top. Cool the mixture in an ice-salt mixture for about 15-20 minutes. Lift the solidified cake of fatty acids, press between filter paper, and place in a small evaporating dish. 

Soap consists of the sodium and potassium salts of various fatty adds such as oleic stearic, palmitic, lauric, and myristic adds, The saponification for the formation o soap from aqueous caustic soda and glyceryl stearate is... 

S-210. (Procter Gamble] Soya fatty add intermediate for mfg. of soaps, antics, esters, surfactant and non-surfactant applies. 

Fatty Acid Soaps A class of surfactants comprising the salts of aliphatic carboxylic adds having hydrocarbon chains of between 6 and 20 carbon atoms. Fatty acid soaps are no longer restricted to molecules having their origin in natural fats and oils. 

Napalm, A coprecipitated aluminum soap from naphthenic acids and the fatty adds of coconut oil devdoped early in 1942 (Fieser. Harris, Hershberg, Morgana, Novdlo, Putnam) for prepn of gasoline gels for incendiary munitions U.S. pats. 2,606,107 (1952) Herron, U.S. pat. 2,684,339 (1954 to Safety Fuel Chem. Corp ). The name was derived from the naphthenic and palmitic acids which are its major constituents. Structure and mfg problems Chem. Historical account L. F. Fieser, The Scientific Method (Rdnhold, New York, 1964) Bruce, Chemical Warfare—Flame in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (Interscience, New York, 1964) p 888. 

Lipids include fats, waxes, steroids, phospholipids, and also hydrocarbons and free higher fatty adds and thdr salts — soaps belong in this category. By standard analysis lipids are determined as extractable substances the quantity produced by man is about 15 g per day which corresponds to an average concentration in sewage waters ranging from 50 to 100 mg 1. Other sources of extractable substances in sewage waters are by-products of the foodstuff industry, laundries, etc. which is evident from the considerable increase in the quantity of these substances. 

Soap, Glycerol, and Fatty Acids. Oils and fats are glycerol esters of fatty acids, similar and dissimilar, saturated and unsaturated. By hydrolyzing these fats with steam or acid or enzymes, we obtain the ycerol and fatty adds directly if we add caustic soda to the water in hydrolyzing, common soap results instead of the fatty adds. 

Glycerol. From these different processes for hydrolyzing fats into soap or fatty adds, glycerol is recovered and refined for the various purposes to which it is now appded. Practicady ad glycerol refining is now accomplished by distillation with steam under diminished pressure. 

Trade association of manufacturers of soaps, detergents, fatty adds, and glycerine that conducts environmental and human safety research and is a dearinghouse for information on ingredients in soaps and detergents. 

The hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base is called saponification, a term that comes from the Latin word for soap, sapon. Naturally occurring esters include fats and oils, and in making soap an animal fat or a vegetable oil is boiled with a strong base. The resultant soap consists of a mixture of salts of long-chain carboxylic acids (called fatty adds), which form during the saponification reaction. (Section 13.6)... 

IL To esUmaie the combined fatty adds, dissolve 100 grains of the soap to be examined in 4 or 6 ounces of boiling distilled water in a porcelain capsule, then add a little hydrochloric acid, and stir gently. The acid, com-... 

Lanolin, wool fat, wool wax the fatty or more correctly waxy substance secreted by the skin of the sheep, m-p. 36-42°C. L constitutes up to 50% of the wei t of raw wool. It is a complicated mixture of fatty adds, alcohols, fats and waxy substances. The latter are chiefly esters of steroids (cholesterol and lanoster-ol) and long chain aliphatic alcohols with higher fatty acids, which are 6-hydroxylated or carry a terminal isopropyl or isobutyl residue. L. is obtained from raw wool by extraction with organic solvents or soap solutions. It forms water-in-oil suspensions, and is used widely in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries (as Adeps Lanae) as an ointment base. 

---