Industry foodstuff

The objective of this book is to provide an overview of the basic knowledge about the most widely and currently used methods in chemical analysis, whether they are qualitative, quantitative or structural. A wide area of applications is covered, including the chemical industry, foodstuffs, environment, pollution and biomedicine. 

There are only a few technologies that in the process of their development have found such an extensive range of appUcation as that of extrusion technology. Its origin was in structural ceramics, yet nowadays the extruder is employed in such diverse industries as the plastics industry, the chemical and its related industries, foodstuffs industry, fodder concentrate industry, etc., both for extrusion as well as for preparation and other process technologies. 

Pood Contact Materials, A Practical Guide for the Users of European Directives, European Communities, Directorate General III, Industry, Industrial Affairs III Consumer Goods and Industries, Foodstuffs-Legislation and Scientific and Technical Aspects, 1998. 

The adequacy of surveys on IDD in a given country or area needs careful evaluation. To ensure sound representativeness, a random selection of survey sites is mandatory. However, since IDD are not uniformly distributed in countries and may lurk pockets, e.g., isolated or mountainous areas, such areas should be included in addition to those randomly selected. The date of the most recent surveys also requires attention local situations may change with the development of roads, water sanitation or the introduction of industrial foodstuffs, for example. 

Gc/ftir has both industrial and environmental appHcations. The flavor and aroma components in fragrances, flavorings, and foodstuffs can be identified and quantified via gc/ftir (see Food additives). Volatile contaminants in air, water, and soil can be analy2ed. Those in air are usually trapped in a sorption tube then injected into the chromatograph. Those in water or soil are sparged, extracted, or thermally desorbed, then trapped and injected (63,64). 

For the industrial production of riboflavin as pharmaceuticals, the traditional methodology comprising the dkect condensation of (13) with (14) in an acidic medium with continuous optimisation of the reaction conditions is stiU used (28). A great part of riboflavin manufactured by fermentative methods is used for feeds in the form of concentrates. The present world demand of riboflavin may be about 2500 t per year. Of this amount, 60%, 25%, and 15% are used for feeds, pharmaceuticals, and foodstuffs, respectively. The main producers are Hoffmann-La Roche, BASF, Merck Co., and others. 

Lebensmittel, n.pl. provisions, victuals food nourishment, sustenance, -farbe, /. food color, food dye. -gewerb(e), n. foodstuff industry. -untersuchung, /. investigation of foods, food research. 

Soldered joints present their own characteristic corrosion problems usually in the form of dissimilar metal attack often aided by inadequate flux removal after soldering. Such joints have always been a source of concern to the electrical industry. Lead-containing solders must be used with caution for some types of electrical connection since PbfOHjj.PbCOj may be found as a corrosion product and can interrupt current flow. Indium has been found to be a useful addition to Sn-Pb solders to improve their corrosion resistanceHowever, in view of the toxicity of lead and its alloys, the use of lead solders, particularly in contact with potable waters and foodstuff s, is likely to decline. 

The present-day food industry is almost totally dependent on refrigeration in one form or another, to manufacture, preserve, store and bring the product to the point of sale. The few examples chosen in Chapters 14-18 indicate the general principles. The history, development and current practice of refrigeration of foodstuffs is largely the history, development and current practice of the refrigeration industry itself. 

One of the most important sulfosuccinates of the diester type is diisooctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS). It has found a widespread use in pharmaceutics, industry, and as auxiliary for plastic packagings, etc., in contact with foods as well as in some foodstuffs. 

Thickening agents can be of natural or synthetic origin. Various natural gums and starches have been used traditionally in many printing styles. The materials from which they are extracted are valuable sources of foodstuffs, so availability and cost can depend on fluctuating demand from the food industry. The properties required of an ideal thickener can be summarised as follows [352] ... 

Carbon dioxide and water are the major waste products from most natural and industrial processes and hence are found in large quantities in the environment. If an efficient and cheap means could be found, the reduction of C02 could provide a potentially rich source of carbon for utilisation in the production of, for example, synthetic hydrocarbon fuels to replace petroleum, formic and oxalic acids for the chemical industries and foodstuffs such as glucose. 

The original applications of NIR were in the food and agricultural industries where the routine determination of the moisture content of foodstuffs, the protein content of grain and the fat content of edible oils and meats at the 1% level and above are typical examples. The range of industries now using the technique is much wider and includes pharmaceutical, polymer, adhesives and textile companies. The first in particular are employing NIR spectrometry for the quality control of raw materials and intermediates and to check on actives and excipients in formulated products. Figure 9.26(b) demonstrates that even subtle differences between the NIR spectra of enantiomers can be detected. 

Most manufacturing industries require a uniform product quality. To ensure that this requirement is met, both raw materials and finished products are subjected to extensive chemical analysis. On the one hand, the necessary constituents must be kept at the optimum levels, while on the other impurities such as poisons in foodstuffs must be kept below the maximum allowed by law. 

We often need to prepare a solution having a constant pH. Such solutions are vital in the cosmetics industry, as well as when making foodstuffs and in the more traditional experiments performed by the biologist and physical chemist. 

L-Cysteine is a high value a-amino acid used world-wide in a scale of 1200-15001 year-1 as additive in foodstuffs, cosmetics or as intermediate or active agent (as antidote to several snake venoms) in the pharmaceutical industry. Chemical routes generally lack the efficiency of electrochemical techniques, or they produce mixtures of l- and d- forms rather than the L-isomer. The most common electrochemical route is the cathodic reduction of L-Cystine in acid (usually HC1) solution to produce the stable hydrochloride. In Table 10, the charateristic data for a laboratory bench, laboratory pilot and a product pilot reaction using a DEM filter press are compared [13]. A production scale study was carried out in a filterpress reactor divided by a cation exchange membrane with a total area of 10.5 m2. The typical product inventory was 450 kg/24-hour batch time. For more details see Ref. [13]. 

Since the commercial introduction of the P-CAC in 1999, several industrial applications have been shown to be transferable to the system. Moreover, users in the biopharmaceutical and foodstuff industry have seen their productivity increasing dramatically as a result of using the P-CAC technology. Furthermore, a P-CAC has been shown capable of continuously separating stereoisomers when using chiral stationary phases even when there is more than one chiral center in the desired molecule. Below some of the applications are described in more details. Others are proprietary and hence cannot be disclosed. 

Air, water, soil, and food are all unavoidable components of the human environment. Each of those elements influences the quality of human life, and each of them may be contaminated. Food is not only the elementary source of nutrients, but may also contain natural chemical substances with toxic properties, e.g., cyanogenic glycosides (many plants), solanine (green parts of potatoes, sprouted potatoes, and potatoes stored in light), industrial pollutants (heavy metals), biogenic amines (fish), or mycotoxins (moldy foodstuffs). 

Determination of the roles of microelements and the human daily requirements can be very difficult due to their low concentrations in the human body and problems connected with the elimination of their constant inflow. Throughout the evolution process, the human body developed mechanisms to regulate the absorption of microelements and balance their levels within required ranges. Therefore, human bodies are adjusted to the natural levels at which those elements are present in the non-polluted environment and in non-contaminated foodstuffs. However, human industrial and economic activities are frequently and widely disturbing the environmental balance and leading to contamination of the environment, including foods, with trace elements. 

Haines, R. B., and D. E. Lea. Use of ultra-violet light in the preservation of foodstuffs—action on bacteria, pp. 30-31. In Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Report of the Food Investigation Board for the Year 1936. London His Majesty s Stationery Office, 1937. 

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