Acids long-chain fatty acids

Figure 22-3. 3-Oxidation of fatty acids. Long-chain acyl-CoA is cycled through reactions 2-5, acetyl-CoA being split off, each cycle, by thiolase (reaction 5). When the acyl radical is only four carbon atoms in length, two acetyl-CoA molecules are formed in reaction 5.

Commercially, the most important non-ionic surfactants (APEOs and AEOs) are amphipathic molecules consisting of a hydrophilic (ethylene oxide chains of various length) and a hydrophobic (alkyl phenols, fatty acids, long chain linear alcohols, etc.) part. The polyethoxylated... 

A fat is a solid (at room temperature) triester of glycerin (glycerol) with fatty acids (long-chain carboxylic acids). An oil is similar to a fat however, an oil is a liquid at room temperature. The general structure of fats and oils appears in Figure 16-27. 

Essential oils consist of volatile, lipophilic substances that are mainly hydrocarbons or monofunctional compounds derived from the metabolism of mono- and sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids, amino acids (lower mass aliphatic compounds), and fatty acids (long-chain aliphatic compounds). Unlike fatty oils, essential oils do not leave a grease stain when dabbed on filter paper. 

Monounsaturated fatty acids Long-chained molecules found in nuts, avocados, olive oil, grapeseed oil, peanut oil, flaxseed oil, sesame oil, corn oil, and canola oil. 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons such as n-alkanes and n-alkenes have been successfully used to distinguish between algal, bacterial, and terrestrial sources of carbon in estuarine/coastal systems (Yunker et al., 1991, 1993, 1995 Canuel et al., 1997). Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are considered to be alkanes (or paraffins) and nonsaturated hydrocarbons which exhibit one or more double bonds are called alkenes (or olefins)—as indicated in the simple structures of hexadecane and 1,3-butadiene, respectively (figure 9.7). It should also be noted that, n-alkanes tend to be odd-numbered as they result from enzymatic decarboxylation of fatty acids. Long-chain n-alkanes (LCH) (e.g., C27, C29, and C31) are generally considered to be terrestrially derived, originating from epicuticular waxes... 

Fatty acids Long chain Liquid or solid... 

In fact, the commercially avaUable glyceryl monooleate is a mixture of esters of glycerol with a number of fatty acids (long-chain carboxylic acids), the major component of which is the monoester with oleic acid. 

Fatty acids (long-chain) are activated and monoacyl-glycerols are converted to triacylglycerols at the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The steps involved are as follows ... 

P oxidation of fatty acids. Long-chain acyl CoA is cycled through reactions 2 through 5, and one acetyl CoA moiety is removed with each cycle. 

Fatty acid Long chained carboxylic acids produced by the hydrolysis of a lipid. 

Triglycerides are the major lipid storage form in the human body. They are formed in an esterification reaction between glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol) and three fatty acids (long chain carboxylic acids). Write a balanced equation for the formation of a triglyceride formed in a reaction between glycerol and three molecules of decanoic acid. 

Multilayer formation can also be observed in many other lipids such as fatty acids, long-chain alcohols and esters of short-chain alcohols. Lundqvist (1971) has reported monolayer formation in fatty acid ethyl esters, where it is possible to observe from the H-A isotherms how multifilms consisting of two, three, four, five and six molecular layers are formed. In this case the forces between the polar groups are so weak that the molecules can be arranged head-to-tail as observed in the crystal forms of ethyl stearate (see Section 8.5). 

Characteristic profile of fatty acids, long-chain alcohols, alkanes, cerides, diterpenoids (dehydroabietic acid) Betuhn, betulone, lujjenone, lupeol, lupa-2,20(29)-dien-28-ol... 

Free fatty acids Long-chain carboxylic acids variation in branching, occurrence of other functional groups and number of double bonds atypical as the free form and usually found esterified as waxes or glycerides Complex lipids Usually occur in small amounts in plant and animal tissues free fatty acid turnover is very rapid in plasma free fatty acids may serve as indicators of spoilage in food... 

Internal lubricants are chemicals which lubricate the flow of PVC molecules within the melt.They are rarely necessary in plasticized PVC compounds but they are essential for unplasticized compounds. Wax and wax derivatives, glyceryl esters of fatty acids, long chain alcohols such as stearyl, cetyl alcohols and long chain esters such as cetyl palmitate are most commonly used. Concentrations depends on the munber of lubricants used to get the desired balance of behavior. Total concentration rarely exceed 4 phr. The normal concentration of intemal/extemal lubricants is between 0.2-2.0 phr. 

The acylation of enamines has been applied to the use of long-chain acid chlorides (388) and particularly to the elongation of fatty acids (389-391) and substituted aliphatic acids (392). The method has been used in the synthesis of the antineoplastic cycloheximide and related compounds (393-395) and in the acylation of steroids (396). Using an optically active chlorocarbonate, an asymmetric synthesis of lupinine could be achieved (397). 

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