Fatty acid enzymes

Bioactive peptides can be extracted and purified with these technologies, which vary from simple to complex. Following this, the isolation of bioactive peptides, oligosaccharides, fatty acids, enzymes, water-soluble minerals, and biopolymers for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications is possible. Further, some of these bioactive peptides have been identified to possess nutraceutical potentials that are beneficial for human health. 

Enzymes, then, are the tools the cell uses to manipulate, cut up and stick together the molecular raw material with which it is presented. One set of enzymes takes glucose down its long pathway to carbon dioxide, another set synthesizes proteins from amino acids or fats from fatty acids. Enzymes have, however, a special... 

Several studies have reported that irrigation can affect the fatty acid composition (Ranalli et al., 1997 Aparicio and Luna, 2002). At the end of our experiment, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and linoleic acids were found in high concentrations in oils coming from TWW irrigated plot, respect to acid contents in oil from trees grown under rain-fed conditions. In addition, these results indicated that irrigation with TWW seems to stimulate these fatty acid enzymes synthetase. 

Current industrial applications of enzymes include the preparation of modified penicillins using penicillin acylase, and the conversion of starch into sugars [7]. Because of their ability to digest fatty acids, enzymes saw a fleeting popularity in household detergents, although they are now less common. 

Immunologic Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, enzymes, cytokines, nucleotides Immunological, inflammatory effects... 

The index of hydrolysis was the formation of ste (-l- C)-sph from cerebrosides containing stearic-1- C acid. The use of a detergent mixture containing sodium cholate was required for hydrolysis. The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 4.5, at which point both the enzyme and cholate precipitated. Other substrates included naturally occurring cerebrosides (galactose containing) and showed the formation of ceramides containing normal and a-hydroxy fatty acid. Enzyme activity was seen also in rat brain, spleen, and kidney. 

Figure 12. MR spectra (15.4 MHz) of [9,10,12,13- H]-linoleic acid in the presence of lipoxygenase from soybean. Spectra are for samples with fatty acid/enzyme mole ratios of (A) (B)...

J-F Shaw, D-L Wang, YJ Wang. Lipase-catalyzed ethanolysis and isopropanolysis of triglycerides with long-chain fatty acids. Enzyme Microb Technol 13 544-546, 1991. 

Although extraction of lipids from membranes can be induced in atomic force apparatus (Leckband et al., 1994) and biomembrane force probe (Evans et al., 1991) experiments, spontaneous dissociation of a lipid from a membrane occurs very rarely because it involves an energy barrier of about 20 kcal/mol (Cevc and Marsh, 1987). However, lipids are known to be extracted from membranes by various enzymes. One such enzyme is phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which complexes with membrane surfaces, destabilizes a phospholipid, extracts it from the membrane, and catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction of the srir2-acyl chain of the lipid, producing lysophospholipids and fatty acids (Slotboom et al., 1982 Dennis, 1983 Jain et al., 1995). SMD simulations were employed to investigate the extraction of a lipid molecule from a DLPE monolayer by human synovial PLA2 (see Eig. 6b), and to compare this process to the extraction of a lipid from a lipid monolayer into the aqueous phase (Stepaniants et al., 1997). 

If, on the other hand, RCOOH is a higher fatty acid and R OH a polyhydric alcohol, then the enzyme is called a lipase. Stearin or glyceryl tristearate (a fat) is... 

We can descnbe the major elements of fatty acid biosynthesis by considering the for mation of butanoic acid from two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A The machinery responsible for accomplishing this conversion is a complex of enzymes known as fatty acid synthetase Certain portions of this complex referred to as acyl carrier protein (ACP), bear a side chain that is structurally similar to coenzyme A An important early step m fatty acid biosynthesis is the transfer of the acetyl group from a molecule of acetyl coenzyme A to the sulfhydryl group of acyl carrier protein... 

Fatty acid synthetase (Section 26 3) Complex of enzymes that catalyzes the biosynthesis of fatty acids from acetate Field effect (Section 19 6) An electronic effect in a molecule that IS transmitted from a substituent to a reaction site via the medium (e g solvent)... 

Recently, the use of Hpase enzymes to iateresterify oils has been described (23). In principle, if a 1,3-speciftc Hpase is used, the fatty acid ia the 2 position should remain unchanged and the randomization occur at the terminal positions. However, higher temperatures, needed to melt soHd fats, may cause a 1,2-acyl shift and fatty acids are scrambled over all positions. 

Manufacture of Fatty Acids and Derivatives. Splitting of fats to produce fatty acids and glycerol (a valuable coproduct) has been practiced since before the 1890s. In early processes, concentrated alkaU reacted with fats to produce soaps followed by acidulation to produce the fatty acids. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, mostly with sulfuric and sulfonic acids, was also practiced. Pressurized equipment was introduced to accelerate the rate of the process, and finally continuous processes were developed to maximize completeness of the reaction (105). Lipolytic enzymes maybe utilized to spHt... 

Sucrose polyesters, which are made by esterilying sucrose with long-chain fatty acids, have the physical properties of fat, but are resistant to digestive enzymes (40). Olestra, a sucrose polyester developed by Procter Gamble, was submitted for regulatory approval in May 1987. In order to faciUtate the approval process, Procter Gamble has since narrowed the scope of its food additive petition to include olestra s use only in savory and extmded snacks. 

He/minthosporium (15). The mode of action is considered to be inhibition of the enzyme NADPH-cytochrome C reductase, which results in the generation of free radicals and/or peroxide derivatives of flavin which oxidize adjacent unsaturated fatty acids to dismpt membrane integrity (16) (see Enzyme inhibitors). 

Very Htfle data are available regarding effects of anaboHc steroid implants on the Hpid metaboHsm in growing mminants. Lipogenic enzyme activity and fatty acid synthesis in vitro were elevated in subcutaneous adipose tissue from bulls implanted with estradiol (44), which may account for the increase in fat content of carcasses reported in some studies. TBA implants have no effect on Hpogenesis in intact heifers, and only tend to reduce Hpogenic enzyme activities in ovariectomized heifers (45). 

Substances other than enzymes can be immobilized. Examples include the fixing of heparin on polytetrafluoroethylene with the aid of PEI (424), the controUed release of pesticides which are bound to PEI (425), and the inhibition of herbicide suspensions by addition of PEI (426). The uptake of anionic dyes by fabric or paper is improved if the paper is first catonized with PEI (427). In addition, PEI is able to absorb odorizing substances such as fatty acids and aldehydes. Because of its high molecular weight, PEI can be used in cosmetics and body care products, as weU as in industrial elimination of odors, such as the improvement of ambient air quaHty in sewage treatment plants (428). 

Hydrolysis. The first effect of either acid hydrolysis or alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) is the removal of the fatty acids. The saponification value of commercial lecithin is 196. Further decomposition into glycerol, phosphoric acid, and head groups (ie, choline, ethanolamine, etc) may foUow prolonged heating. Lecithin may also be hydrolyzed by enzymes. 

Phospholipids. Phospholipids, components of every cell membrane, are active determinants of membrane permeabiUty. They are sources of energy, components of certain enzyme systems, and involved in Hpid transport in plasma. Because of their polar nature, phosphoUpids can act as emulsifying agents (42). The stmcture of most phosphoUpids resembles that of triglycerides except that one fatty acid radical has been replaced by a radical derived from phosphoric acid and a nitrogen base, eg, choline or serine. 

Olestra is prepared by a solvenfless transesterification process in which sucrose is treated with methyl ester of fatty acids in the presence of sodium methoxide between 100—180°C for 14 hours (68). The manufacturing process involves removal of the unreacted fatty acid esters by enzymic hydrolysis... 

A Acylsarcosinates. Sodium A/-lautoylsarcosinate [7631-98-3] is a good soap-like surfactant. Table 4 gives trade names and properties. The amido group in the hydrophobe chain lessens the interaction with hardness ions. A/-Acylosarcosinates have been used in dentifrices (qv) where they ate claimed to inactivate enzymes that convert glucose to lactic acid in the mouth (57). They ate prepared from a fatty acid chloride and satcosine ... 

Enzyme—Heat—Enzyme Process. The enzyme—heat—enzyme (EHE) process was the first industrial enzymatic Hquefaction procedure developed and utilizes a B. subtilis, also referred to as B. amjloliquefaciens, a-amylase for hydrolysis. The enzyme can be used at temperatures up to about 90°C before a significant loss in activity occurs. After an initial hydrolysis step a high temperature heat treatment step is needed to solubilize residual starch present as a fatty acid/amylose complex. The heat treatment inactivates the a-amylase, thus a second addition of enzyme is required to complete the reaction. 

Ascorbic acid is involved in carnitine biosynthesis. Carnitine (y-amino-P-hydroxybutyric acid, trimethylbetaine) (30) is a component of heart muscle, skeletal tissue, Uver and other tissues. It is involved in the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria, where they are oxidized to provide energy for the ceU and animal. It is synthesized in animals from lysine and methionine by two hydroxylases, both containing ferrous iron and L-ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid donates electrons to the enzymes involved in the metabohsm of L-tyrosine, cholesterol, and histamine (128). 

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