Detergents enzymes fatty acid

Moreover, there is considerable evidence that PPO is not active as a phenol oxidase in chloroplasts, but is limited as a phenol oxidase by latency or lack of substrate [18]. The latent form of the enzyme can be activated by a wide variety of treatments, including detergents [19], fatty acids [20] trypsin [21] and Ca2+ [22]. The results of Tolbert [21] indicated that light could activate latent PPO because polyphenols can be oxidized photochemically by chloroplast membranes in the absence of other... 

Elastase prefers elastin as substrate if it is anionic in character, which is the case when anionic detergents or fatty acids are bound to elastin. Cationic detergents do not stimulate elastolysis. From the standpoint of elastin turnover in vivo a property of the protein which may provide protection from proteolytic enzymes resembling elastase is its cationic character (57,58). In fact, a significant feature of the protein that may protect against normal elastolysis is the observation that over 70% of the glutamyl and aspartyl residues in the protein appear to be amidated (58). 

Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal agent. It is an ingredient in toothpastes and mouthwashes, detergents, laundry soaps, and cosmetics. It kills germs by interfering with the enzyme necessary for fatty-acid synthesis. 

For an enzyme-containing detergent the enzyme is added to a detergent composition with esters and disalts of a-sulfo fatty acids. The detergent granular comprises 7 % sodium a-sulfo hardened palm oil fatty acid methyl ester, 5% disodium salt of a-sulfo hardened palm oil fatty acid, 10% sodium a-olefin (C14 18) sulfonate, 10% zeolite, 5% sodium carbonate, 5% water, and 55% sodium sulfate [82]. 

The physiological functions of carboxylesterases are still partly obscure but these enzymes are probably essential, since their genetic codes have been preserved throughout evolution [84] [96], There is some evidence that microsomal carboxylesterases play an important role in lipid metabolism in the endoplasmic reticulum. Indeed, they are able to hydrolyze acylcamitines, pal-mitoyl-CoA, and mono- and diacylglycerols [74a] [77] [97]. It has been speculated that these hydrolytic activities may facilitate the transfer of fatty acids across the endoplasmic reticulum and/or prevent the accumulation of mem-branolytic natural detergents such as carnitine esters and lysophospholipids. Plasma esterases are possibly also involved in fat absorption. In the rat, an increase in dietary fats was associated with a pronounced increase in the activity of ESI. In the mouse, the infusion of lipids into the duodenum decreased ESI levels in both lymph and serum, whereas an increase in ES2 levels was observed. In the lymph, the levels of ES2 paralleled triglyceride concentrations [92] [98],... 

Fatty acid glucamides are used in dishwashing liquids and heavy-duty liquids. Benefits include improved mildness for dishwashing liquids and improved enzyme stability in fabric washing detergents. 

The selective enzyme-catalyzed acylation of carbohydrates is of great interest, as of carbohydrates fatty acid esters of carbohydrates have important applications in detergents, cosmetics, foodstuff, and pharmaceuticals because of their surface-active properties. Monoacylated sugars have been synthesized by lipase-catalyzed transesterifications of activated esters in pyridine and by protease-catalyzed esterifications in DMF. A most remarkable new development... 

Enzymes. A number of different enzymes have been developed for use in detergent systems to remove common soils and stains. Protease enzymes are used to cleave the protein-based soils into smaller pieces more easily removed by the detergent system. Lipase enzymes are used to cleave lipid bonds resulting in fatty acid and glycerol. Lipase enzymes work better at elevated temperature and tend to become active in the... 

Even though water-soluble Se-GPx reduces a number of hydrophobic substrates [215,225], it does not directly reduce phospholipid hydroperoxides [226], Such a reduction would require the release of free fatty-acid hydroperoxides through activation of phospholipase A2 [227,228], More importantly, a membrane-bound Se-GPx has been found in a number of animal tissues, including liver, heart, brain and testis [229]. In vitro, this enzyme does reduce phospholipid hydroperoxides in micelles and exhibits kinetic features which, in the presence of detergent, are similar to those of the soluble enzyme (reviewed in ref. [230]). This enzyme which has been named PHGPx, also reduces hydroperoxide derivatives of cholesterol and that formed... 

Hydrolysis has traditionally been used for the production of fatty acids and glycerols, which find widespread apphcation in soaps and detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products (174). Hydrolysis of soybean (181), canola (147, 208, 209), sunflower (149, 181, 210), tuna (150), and blackcurrant oils (145), tri-palmitin (146), triolein (211), and ethyl stearate (202) in SCCO2 has been reported. These investigations employed a variety of lipases, including immobilized lipase from porcine pancreas (211), Novozyme 435 (146, 181), Lipozyme (147, 150, 208, 209), non-immobilized Candida rugosa (150, 181), Lipase OL (150), and Lipolase lOOT (149, 181, 210). The effects of water content, enzyme load, operating conditions (temperature and pressure), pH, enzyme/substrate ratio, oil/buffer ratio, and CO2 flow rate (for continuous reactions) on the hydrolysis reaction were reported. 

---