Explosive danger

In addition to pollution episodes, risks may arise due to atmospherie oxygen eoneentrations fluetuating beyond its normal level of 21% posing health (page 72) or fire hazards. Eire and explosion dangers may also arise from the presenee of flammable gases, vapours, or dusts in die atmosphere (Chapter 6). 

As discussed in Chapter 4, chemicals can be a nuisance or pose health risks if they become airborne as a result of inadequate process control, operation and maintenance malpractice, inadequate maintenance, incomplete understanding of the process etc. Hazards may arise if the oxygen concentration in the air fluctuates beyond its normal level of 21% by volume, and fire/explosion dangers may arise from the presence of flammable gases, vapours or dusts in the atmosphere. Thus air quality tests may be required for a variety of purposes such as ... 

Federal Bureau of Investigation Code EU 2501 Investigation Parkway Quantico, VA, 22135 Ph 703.632.7643 (Kirk Yeager) www.leo.gov or www. fbiacademy. edu IEDs, explosives, dangerous innovations, terrorist action coordination, and explosive physics. 

Detonation (and Explosion), Danger of. See Detonation (and Explosions), Hazards (Danger) of... 

Detonation (and Explosion, Danger in Chemical Plants. Vlad Sima gives in TechChem (Prague) 12(2), 66-69(1962) CA 61, 526(1964) examples of plant construction with description of inherent dangers of explosions... 

To minimise this explosion danger, the reaction should be carried out in a well-ventilated fume cupboard in the absence of free flames brisk stirring should be maintained throughout the exothermal stage. 

Typical catalyst lifetime is 1-2 years. Preferred operation conditions are temperatures around 150 to 160°C and pressures 8 to 10 bar. Hot spots above 200°C lead to permanent catalyst deactivation. The reactant ratio should ensure an excess of ethylene to acetic acid of about 2 1 to 3 1. Due to an explosion danger the... 

The theory guesses researches of synthesis of diamond, as in a solid phase at q up to 60 Kbar and simultaneous operating of temperature t=2000° C, and in a gas phase at q = 45 Kbar and t=1650° C. However, for the explorers the essential concern introduced synthesis of diamond of water alone in medium of gas in chambers of die large size with die purpose of maximum growth of diamond. In this connection at die end of 60 years XX of century an item some experimenters become to create gas sources of super-high pressure (16. .. 30 Kbar), die activity with which one has appeared by extremely composite and dangerous (both explosion-dangerous, and pursued by the monopolists). 

In this way, reproducible numerical data are obtained which allow classification of different explosives according to the explosion danger they represent. 

DFG MAK Moderate skin irritant DOT CLASSIFICATION Forbidden SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by ingestion. Mildly toxic by inhalation. Moderate skin and eye irritant. A shock- and heat-sensitive explosive. Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, reducing agents. To fight fire, use dry chemical, alcohol foam, spray and mist. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes. See also PEROXIDES, ORGANIC and ESTERS. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intraperitoneal route. Many N-nitroso compounds are carcinogens. An explosive. Dangerous when stored in sealed containers as it decomposes to release nitrogen. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. See also N-NITROSO COMPOUNDS and EXPLOSIVES,... 

From 19, a crystalline 3-chloro-l,2-dithiolium perchlorate may be obtained with perchloric acid. " However, as perchlorates present explosion dangers, it has been suggested that for purposes of small-scale characterization the perchlorate may be replaced by the perrhenate anion. 

The catalyst plays a crucial role in the technology. A typical modern catalyst consists of 0.15-1.5 wt% Pd, 0.2-1.5 wt% Au, 4-10 wt% KOAc on silica spherical particles of 5 mm [8]. The very fast reaction takes place inside a thin layer (egg-shell catalyst). Preferred conditions are temperatures around 150 to 160 °C and pressures 8 to 10 bar. Hot spots above 200 °C lead to permanent catalyst deactivation. The excess of ethylene to acetic acid is 2 1 to 3 1. Because of explosion danger, the oxygen concentration in the reaction mixture should be kept below 8%. Small amount of water in the initial mixture are necessary for catalyst activation. The dilution of the reaction mixture with inert gas is necessary because of high exothermic effect. Accordingly, the reactor is designed at low values of the per-pass conversions, namely 15 - 35% for the acetic acid and 8-10% for ethylene. The above elements formulate hard constraints both for design and for plantwide control. 

Distilling volatile fluids can be explosively dangerous. Many an alchemists kitchen has been reduced to ashes. Protect yourself. 

Hazard Highly flammable and explosive, dangerous when exposed to heat or flame, explosive limits in air 4-75% by volume. 

Hazard An initiating explosive, dangerous. Forbidden for transport. 

Hazard A low explosive, dangerous fire and explosion risk when exposed to flame or impact. 

Expansion after release, fire and explosion dangers, heaith hazards, vapor control, foam use, and fog streams. 

Secondary metabolites Scaling-up and safety (explosion danger) in two-liquid phase bioreactors... 

Picric acid, C H2(N02)30H, for example, becomes a high explosive when dried out and is sensitive to shock and heat. The hazard class for picric acid is 4.1 Hammable Solid. It is considered a wetted explosive. The name would indicate acid, however, the corrosivity of picric acid is far outweighed by its explosive dangers. The slightest movement of dry picric acid may cause an explosion. Picric acid, when shipped, is mixed with 12 to 20% water to keep it stable. When this water evaporates in storage over time, the material becomes explosive. 

EGBE forms explosive mixtures with air in the range 1.1-10.6% by volume of air. Comas et al. (1974) reported the hazards associated with EGBE-perchloric acid solutions used for electropolishing alloys. Solutions containing 50-95% acid constitute explosion danger at room temperature. Acid concentration up to 30% is safe in the absence of an electric spark, solvent evaporation, or heating up to the flash point, 60° C (140°F) of the solvent. 

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