Farm commodities

The largest class of processes appHed to farm commodities are separations, which are usually based on some physical property such as density, particle size, or solubiHty. For example, the milling process for cereal grains involves size reduction (qv) foUowed by screening to yield products that have varied concentrations of starch, fiber, and protein. Milling of water slurries is practiced to obtain finer separation of starch, fiber, protein, and oil. 

The MHLW recognizes the official analytical methods for inspection and survey of MRLs for crops in the market 112 residue analytical methods have already been established and authorized. MHLW also approves the use of the original analytical methods for the official surveillance by which methods local governments analyze residues as they inspect local commercial farm commodities. In such a case, the reliability of the original analytical methods should be guaranteed as being equivalent to that of the official analytical methods. 

The American Potash Institute, Washington, D. C., compiles data on deliveries of potash for agricultural use by the principal American producers, and on imports of potash. Data are issued quarterly and annually. Tables of prices of farm commodities and fertilizer materials from published sources together with index figures on prices are published in the Institute s magazine. Better Crops with Plant Food (9),... 

A related consequence of widespread adoption of a supply-in-creasing biotechnology product is lower prices for the farm product, as demand for most farm commodities is relatively Inelastic. A forthcoming bovine growth hormone is projected to Increase milk production 10 percent (27). Falling prices will press less efficient producers to alter their operations or go out of business. As few individuals will be able to enter the business, the industry will shrink and concentrate production in fewer firms. 

The Secretary (of Agriculture) is hereby authorized and directed to establish, equip, and maintain four regional research laboratories, one in each major farm producing area, and at such laboratories to conduct researches into and to develop new scientific, chemical, and technical uses and new and extended markets and outlets for farm commodities and products and byproducts thereof. Such research and development shall be developed primarily to those farm commodities in which there are regular or seasonal surpluses and their products and byproducts. 

The predominant use of arsenic ia the United States is ia the manufacture of chemicals. During the 1980s, the market for arsenic chemicals had shifted from cotton farming, where its use is now restricted because of environmental considerations, to wood (qv) preservatives for the protection of lumber and other wood products. Arsenic trioxide is the basic commodity of commerce from which a number of important chemicals are manufactured. 

Major registrants typically conduct as many residue trials as possible on their own research farms and contract the remainder to independent contract research companies. These contract research companies range in size from those that have several research farms to husband and wife teams with only one site. They also may include independent researchers who do not own a permanent test site but contract small plot test areas from farmers inside commercial production acreage. The goal of these trials is to conduct the smdy in a cropping system environment that represents commercial production systems, thereby ensuring that the raw agriculture commodities harvested represent commercially available commodities. 

In order to achieve a complete transportation system a host of other subsystems support the transportation system operations. Loading facilities, pumping and compressor stations, tank farms and metering and control devices are necessary for a complete transportation system of liquid or gases hydrocarbon commodities. 

Efforts are underway in our laboratory to discover natural product-based molluscicides to control snails that are harmful for agricultural commodities such as catfish, rice, tarro, and orchids. Catfish Ictalurus punctatus) is one of the major farm-raised fish in the U.S. The ram s... 

As THE WORLD AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM moves ever closer to a market-based economy, providers of agricultural commodities must become increasingly attentive to specific consumer demands. No longer are yield and production efficiency the principal determinants of successful farming. Today the consumer expects food to meet an ever-increasing standard of quality. 

A different method of interpretation is frequently observed between inspection services and analytical laboratories. This is because inspection services are interested mainly in a yes/no answer to questions, such as Has the animal been treated with anabolics or Does the food commodity contain residues above their MRL , in order to proceed to such action as rejection of the food commodity or removal of the test-positive animals from the farm. On the other hand, laboratories mainly use quality criteria to convert analytical results into yes/no answers. This conversion, however, is often obscured by inherent analytical difficulties including estimation of the impact of systematic and random errors and the way of sampling. 

Buck, D., Getz, C. and Guthman, J. 1997. From farm to table the organic vegetable commodity chain of Northern California. Sociologia Ruralis 37 (1) 3-20. 

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