Factors affecting operational safety

Clothing the operator completely in an impervious plastic suit represents the ultimate in personal protection and has the additional merit of isolating the product completely from operator and such suits have been used to maintain sterility during pharmaceutical manufacture. Isolator suits should not be used as the primary means of protecting the operator but must be used only in combination with effective techniques for safely dispensing, handling and freeze-drying hazardous products. 

---

Most factors affecting inherent safety are quite straightforward to estimate since they are e.g. based on the physical and chemical properties of the compounds present. An inherently safe process structure is not possible to define by explicit rules, but one has to rely on standards, recommendations and accident reports. This information is based on the experience gained in the operation practice of different processes (Lees, 1996). For example accident reports, which are made after accidents, give valuable information of the possible weaknesses in the different process solutions. Also extensive databases have been collected from accident reports (Anon, 1996). From this data a database of good and bad designs can be collected. 

The same factors affecting process safety that were discussed for Requirement BG-2 (processing mustard agent-filled 155-mm projectiles at BGAD) apply to the processing of the three munition types at PCD since the same DAVINCH operations are involved. The large explosive containment capacity allows the DAVINCH system to dispose of munitions in some of the overpacks used. 

ABSTRACT Noise exposure can cause undesirable effects on both health and safety. In agricultural aviation, noise exposure is one of many factors that can affect operation safety. The aim of this study is to measure noise dose during the most common work situations. The identified noise dose levels appear far above the recommended limits, even for modern aircraft equipped with closed cockpits and air conditioning systems. These results showed that additional measures are necessary, both in noise reduction and regulation of working time. Besides, the proper use of personal protective equipment, including their regular inspection can be an important short-term measure. 

The chemical and most process factors affecting the index are quite straightforward to estimate. More problematic are the equipment safety and the safety of process structure. The equipment safety subindex was developed based on evaluation of accident statistics and layout information. The evaluation of the safe process structure subindex is based on case-based reasoning, which requires experience based information on accident cases and on the operation characteristics of different process configurations. 

Supervisors are key persons in the employee safety and health program. Consequently, they should be trained as trainers on the principles of safe operations as they apply to the chemical storage facility. They should monitor their area for human, situational, and environmental factors which affect the safety and health of workers. 

Availability, in general, is defined as the ability of the plant/equipment to perform its required function over a stated period of time. Maintainability is the probability that a failed item can be restored to operation effectiveness within a given period of time when repair action is performed as per the specified procedure (Smith, 2011). Software is available for performing RAM studies. For smaller projects, spreadsheets can be used. Reliability and process safety are interlinked, and so combined RAM and safety (RAMS) studies can be performed with the RAMS software (Sikos and Klemes, 2010). It considers many factors affecting the plant performance such as equipment performance, redundancy, demand requirements and logistics. RAM analysis is based on statistical failure data such as mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to repair (MTTR), mean time to failure (MTTF) and mean down time (MDT). Wherever possible, failure data available within the company should be used for RAM/RAMS study. If not, typical failure data available in the literature/software can be used. 

Errors in flying skills and in operating the aircraft are causes of a wide range of air events. They can considerably affect flight safety. In this category, the following are the most common factors that can result in an air incident/accident ... 

Many factors affect the mechanical design of evaporator systems, particularly of the calandrias. The two most important are the temperatures and pressures to which the equipment will be subjected. Not only are the temperatures and pressure during normal operation important, but upset, startup, shutdown, dryout, cycling, pulsating pressure, and safety relief requirements are equally important. Other considerations include external loadings from supports or piping and vibrations transmitted from external sources. Wind loadings and earthquake loads must also be considered. Anticipated life expectancy and future service should be considered. 

The purpose of the examination is to ascertain whether the lift can continue to be used with safety up to its designated operating iimit for the period of time until the next inspection and, if not, to specify any repairs, renewals or adjustments necessary to ensure this. The person making the examination must have regard to all factors affecting safety and take into consideration both the mechanical and electrical components of the installation. 

In the CPI, maintenance is one of the quality criteria in operational safety and involves the impact of corrosion on the service life of components, on plant productivity, and on maintenance strategies. Figure 3 shows how component exploitation and risk factors are affected by three different maintenance strategies, and the maintenance actions that result from these strategies. To be able to influence maintenance costs, the goals and objectives must be guided by pragmatic considerations of plant operation. 

SOI. Potential sites need to be evaluated for man-made and natural factors diat could adversely affect the safety of the installation. The effects the installation may have on the surrounding pcquilation and on the environment, such as by die utilization of land and water, should aim be evaluated. Relevant site related factors must be taken into account in the d ign of the installation and the adequacy of the design in this respect needs to be demonstrated before the acceptability of the site can be confirmed. An evaluation of all site related factors must be made by the operating organization as part of the licensing application, and reviewed by the regulatory body. Population density and distribution over the lifetime of the installation are of... 

Reduction of human factors affecting safety systems (a few components are involved in plant operation and safety management safety-related component performance cannot be jeopardized by human error). 

The staff added a new section on multiple reactors at one site. It decided that if two or more machines at the same site were independent to the extent that an accident at one would not result in a simultaneous accident or disruption of operation of adjacent reactors, the distance factors in the criteria could be determined on the basis of treating the reactors individually. If interconnections existed that might affect the safety of either reactor, then the distances would be determined on the basis that all interconnected reactors emitted their postulated fission-product release simultaneously. ... 

---