During manufacture pharmaceuticals

Carotenoids are also used as pigments and dietary supplements in animals and poultry feedstuffs. They are added to pharmaceutical products to provide a form of control during manufacturing and to distinguish one product from another. They also enhance the aesthetic aspects of the products (210). 

Surfactants are useful in formulating a wide variety of disperse systems. They are required not only during manufacture but also for maintaining an acceptable physical stability of these thermodynamically unstable systems. Besides the stabilizing efficiency, the criteria influencing the selection of surfactants for pharmaceutical or cosmetic products include safety, odor, color, and purity. 

K. Morris, U. Griesser, C. Eckhardt and J. Stowell, Theoretical approaches to physical transformations of active pharmaceutical ingredients during manufacturing processes, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 48(1), 91-114 (2001). 

The non-destructive character of vibrational spectroscopy techniques, such as NIR, makes them novel tools for in-line quality assurance (100). NIR has been widely used for the measurement of water in various applications (101). NIR can be applied for both quantitative analysis of water and for determining the state of water in solid material. This gives a tool for understanding the physicochemical phenomena during manufacture of pharmaceutical granulation. 

In a first approach, the definition of contamination in pharmaceutical products can be referred to in terms of related substances and process contaminants While related substances are structurally related to the drug substance, process contaminants are introduced during manufacturing or handling procedures. These two categories include all types of contaminants but do not define them. 

During development, pharmaceutical scientists work to achieve an ideal dmg product—one that is bioavailable after administration physically/chemically stable through its shelf-life and able to be manufactured reproducibly and reliably with high quality. 

Amorphous substances are an important class of pharmaceutical materials that exhibit distinct physical and chemical properties. They are ubiquitous, and may be formed both intentionally and unintentionally during normal pharmaceutical manufacturing operations. The properties of amorphous materials can be exploited to improve the performance (e.g., bioavailability and dissolution rate) of pharmaceutical dosage forms, but these properties can also give rise to unwanted effects (e.g., physical instability) that need to be understood and managed in order for the systems to perform as required. 

The primary disadvantages of metals relate to their cost and quality control. Metals are inherently more expensive to purchase and to fabricate into a useful container. Metals also are prone to the development of pinhole defects during manufacturing that can drastically compromise their barrier properties— especially in particularly thin sections. Not only can these defects be deleterious to the container, but they can also compromise the quality of the pharmaceutical itself. Drug product should be monitored to assure that no metallic packaging defects have been transferred to the preparation—especially in ophthalmic drug products. Much like copolymerization of plastics, metals can be alloyed to enhance their characteristics as The USP has no test requirements for... 

Various precautions should be taken during manufacture and storage to minimise oxidation. The oxygen in pharmaceutical containers should be replaced with nitrogen or carbon dioxide contact of the drug with heavy-metal ions such as iron, cobalt or nickel, which catalyse oxidation, should be avoided and storage should be at reduced temperatures. 

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