Facial cosmetics

Botulin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, is among the most powerful poisons and can cause death in a very small dose of 0.0003 (xg/kg. It acts by paralyzing the muscles, so that breathing stops. In recent years, it was discovered that it can also be used to paralyze the muscles that cause skin wrinkles, and so has found use in the facial cosmetics industry for improving the appearances of aged people. 

Powders containing bismuth compounds have long been used for decorative purposes to generate a shiny luster or lustrous colors (e.g., facial cosmetic powder in ancient Egypt, imitation pearls made by coating glass and ceramic beads). Bismuth oxychloride [7787-59-9], BiOCl, Mr 260.4, was the first synthetic nontoxic nacreous pigment. It is produced by hydrolysis of acidic bismuth solutions in the presence of chloride ions. Precipitation conditions may be varied (concentration, temperature,... 

CDDs (TCDD, PeCDD, HxCDD, HpCDD, and OCDD) are also present in newsprint, facial (cosmetic) tissue, and recycled paper at levels ranging from <0.4 to 335 ppt (Beck et al. 1988b). OCDD was the most abundant congener detected in newsprint (37 ppt). HxCDD was the most abundant homologue detected in cosmetic tissue (79 ppt) and recycled paper (335 ppt). 2,3,7,8-TCDD was found at lower... 

Wakelin, S.H. and White, I.R., Dermatitis from chlorphenesin in a facial cosmetic, Contact Dermatitis, 37, 138, 1997. 

The anti-aging market sector of facial cosmetics is a very large and dynamic one with high value products (Mintel 2011). There are a number of light-sensitive ingredients that could be protected when entrapped within mesoporous silicon, and formulations are applied to the skin. Some data showing protection of retinol is provided as an example. 

Phycotoxins and uses thereof US 0021051 Al (2008) GTX-1 to -5 Muscle spasm, facial cosmetics... 

Transdermal administration of phycotoxins US 0045553 Al (2008) STX, dcSTX, neoSTX, GTXs Muscle relaxation facial cosmetics... 

Laundry-Cleaning Formulations Corrosive Cleaners Hair Products Skin Products Facial Cosmetics Perfumes and Deodorants Producing Pleasant Odors and Eliminating Unpleasant Ones Polymers and Plastics Copolymers Nylon, Polyethylene Terephthalate, and Polycarbonate Rubber... 

Facial cosmetics are used to color lips, lashes, cheeks, and eyebrows. Most facial cosmetics consist of waxes, oils, pigments, dyes, and perfumes. Lipstick, for example, is composed of pigments and dyes suspended in a mixture of waxes and oils. The pigment, usually titanium dioxide, gives brightness and cover. The dye, usually a bromoacid dye such as tetrabromofluorescein (Figure 15-14), provides color. The oils and waxes provide a base to contain the pigment and dye and also help keep lips soft and moist. This is an important function of lipstick because lips excrete less sebum than skin and consequently tend to diy out more easily. 

Skin Sarcoid granulomas developed at the site of previous facial cosmetic filler insertion in a 56-year-old woman receiving RBV and PEG-PEG-IFNa alpha for 3 months [99 ]. The lesions regressed after 6 months following withdrawal of both agents. 

As of 1991 in the United States, OTC antiacne preparations may contain only a few active dmgs, for example, sulfur [7704-34-9] resorcinol acetate [102-29-4], resorcinol [108-46-3], salicylic acid [69-72-7], and some combinations (52). OTC anti-acne constituents maybe included in a variety of conventional cosmetic preparations, which then become OTC dmgs. These include lotions, creams, solutions, facial makeups, facial cleansers (including abrasive cleansers), and astringents. Products must contain the specified dmgs at the designated concentrations. Compositions of antiacne products have beenpubhshed (53). 

Phenol-based peel can be performed as a full-face or partial procedure. If only one cosmetic unit is peeled with phenol-based solution, it is strongly recommended to perform medium depth peel on the rest of the facial skin. Full-face peels should be carried out under full cardiopulmonary monitoring with intravenous... 

Some types of paints and pigments that are used as facial make-up or hair coloring contain lead. Cosmetics that contain lead include surma and kohl, which are popular in certain Asian countries. Read the labels on hair coloring products, and keep hair dyes that contain lead acetate away from children. Do not allow children to touch hair that has been colored with lead-containing dyes or any surfaces that have come into contact with these dyes because lead compounds can rub off onto their hands and be transferred to their mouths. 

Alkyl polyglucoside carboxylate (INCI-name Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate (and) Lauryl Glucoside, Plantapon LGC SORB) is a new anionic surfactant with excellent performance for personal care cleansing applications. In shampoo and shower bath formulations the anionic surfactant shows a good foaming behavior. In body wash applications it improves sensorial effects. These properties make Plantapon LGC SORB suitable for several cosmetic applications, e.g., mild facial wash gel, mild baby shampoo, mild body wash for sensitive skin, wet wipes, and special sulfate-free shampoo applications. 

Botulinum toxin is used clinically in the treatment of blepharospasm, writer s cramp, spasticities of various origins, and rigidity due to extrapyramidal disorders. It is also used to treat gustatory sweating and cosmetically to decrease facial wrinkles. Botulinum toxin A Botox, Oculinum) injected intramuscularly produces functional denervation that lasts about 3 months. Clinical benefit is seen within 1 to 3 days. Adverse effects range from diplopia and irritation with blepharospasm to muscle weakness with dystonias. 

A doubtful place in cosmetics is occupied by Botulinum proteic toxins, which are claimed to remove, albeit ten orarily, facial wrinkles. 

Finally, local botulinum toxin administration has been advocated as a way to control muscle hyperexcitability in other clinical situations. There has, of course, been considerable interest in using this toxin for cosmetic reasons. Injection of botulinum toxin into specific facial muscles can paralyze these muscles, thereby reducing the appearance of wrinkles around the eyes, mouth, and so forth.3,24 Nonetheless,... 

Takahashi, M., Watanabe, H., Kumagai, H., and Nakayama, Y. Physiological and morphological changes in facial skin with aging. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. Jpn. 23 22-30 (1989). 

The face is the most common site for cosmetic reactions, particularly in the eyelid area.4 5 9 Facial skin is highly permeable, due to a thinner stratum corneum and a greater density of appendages (e.g., sweat glands, hair follicles). Moreover, facial skin contains an elaborate network of sensory nerves. The frequency of cosmetic application is also increased at this body site. Although mild inflammatory changes are often masked on the face, in the event that eruptions do occur, they are readily noticed by the consumer. 

Recently, the extreme potency of botulinum toxin has led to multiple medical uses of this substance, including the treatment of cervical torticollis, strabismus, and other musculoskeletal disorders, as well as in cosmetic plastic surgery as Botox for the elimination of facial lines or wrinkles (Lemonick, 2002). The irreversible action of botulinum toxin on nerve transmission when used in minute amounts leads to prolonged therapeutic effects of greater than 3 months in duration. An iatrogenic form is also reported secondary to adverse effects of local injection of the toxin in cosmetic procedures or in patients with spasticity (Ihgnoli, 2002). 

The therapeutic indications for BoNTs are numerous. They are used in the treatment of ophthahnological disorders (strabismus, Duane s syndrome, esotropia/exotropia), movement disorders (focal dystonias, blepharospasm), spasticity, neiuomuscular disorders, pain (headache, myo-facial pain), disorders of the pelvic floor (anal fissures), ear/ nose/throat disorders, cosmetic applications (wrinkles), and hyperhidrosis. The recent explosion in new indications for BoNTs in the treatment of a wide range of medical conditions also brings the possibihty for medical errors in BoNT dosing. Systemic botulism may result from injection of excessive doses of the potent neurotoxin. The most infamous case of systemic botulism involved the paralysis of four Florida patients, including the doctor, treated with BoNTs for wrinkles. The physician used non-FDA approved formulations of type A from Toxin Research International,... 

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