Fabrication micro structuring

J.S. Rossier, F. Reymond and W. Schmidt, Patent Method for Fabricating Micro-Structures with Various Surface Properties in Multilayer Body by Plasma Etching, 2001, WO 2001/056771. 

It must be pointed out again that even today confusion of terms can be observed when chemical engineers discuss miniplants or microplants . In most of these cases they identify with the terms mentioned above chemical plants made of glassware with volumes in the range of up to a few liters. To summarize, at that early stage no specialized micro structured reactors for production purposes were available. Most of the fabricated micro structured devices were made in terms of micro fabrication capabilities and not adapted to the chosen chemical process. It is no wonder that at first visionary theoretical work either had to be based on conventionally fabricated chemical reactors or did not outline reactor design in detail [30],... 

Fabrication Micro-Structure Macro-Structure Biocompatibility BiodegradabiUty Mechanical Strength... 

When a polymeric scaffold is implanted in a tissue, there is typically a three-phase tissue response [107-109]. Phase I incorporates both acute and chronic inflammation, which occurs in a short period of time (1 to 2 weeks). Phase II involves the granulation of tissue, a foreign body reaction, and fibrosis. The rate of phase II is primarily dependent on the degradation rate of the polymeric scaffold. Finally, the fastest step, phase 111 is when the bulk of the scaffold is lost. These phases are directly influenced by the properties of the polymeric scaffold. Therefore, it is important to evaluate a variety of scaffold properties including synthesis components, fabrication, micro-structure, and macro-structure. It is a general thought that as the complexity of a scaffold system increases, the more likely it will result in a significant response by the body [73]. 

Li+ intercalation material (V. M. Cepak and C. R. Martin, unpublished). These results, which will be the subject of a future paper, show that other synthetic methodologies, in addition to CVD, can be used to make micro-structured battery electrodes like those described here. In addition, the underlying microtubular current collector does not have to be Au. Microtubules composed of graphite [35] or other metals [1,3] (e.g., Ni) could be used. Finally, for the advantages noted above to be realized in practical cells, large-scale template-fabrication methods would have to be developed. 

Cheap fabrication techniques feasible for mass production need to be applied for fuel processors. The various techniques available for micro structured fuel processors will be discussed in Section 2.9. 

Fabrication Techniques for Micro Structured Energy Generation Systems... 

Exemplarily, Zapf et al. [145] described a manual wash coating/impregnation method, a typical procedure for the preparation of supported catalysts on microstructures. Micro structured stainless-steel plates (X2CrNiMol7 12 2 and MoTil7 12 2) structured by photochemical etching were used. The micro channels had a semi-circular cross-section and were fabricate with the dimensions 500 pm x 300 pm, 750 pm x 300 pm and 500 pm x 70 pm (width x depth). The first... 

A continuous micro structured foil fabricated by wet-chemical etching was unwound from a roll and continuously coated with slurry. If required, the metal foil could be pre-cut to any plate size by laser cutting at defined positions. This would ease later separation of the plates after coating. These etched and laser-cut foils are products already commercially available. First tests were performed with micro structured foils and described in detail in Chapter 4. 

Micro structured wells (2 mm x 2 mm x 0.2 mm) on the catalyst quartz wafer were manufactured by sandblasting with alumina powder through steel masks [7]. Each well was filled with mg catalyst. This 16 x 16 array of micro reactors was supplied with reagents by a micro fabricated gas distribution wafer, which also acted as a pressure restriction. The products were trapped on an absorbent plate by chemical reaction, condensation or absorption. The absorbent array was removed from the reactor and sprayed with dye solution to obtain a color reaction, which was then used for the detection of active catalysts by a CCD camera. Alternatively, the analysis was also carried out with a scanning mass spectrometer. The above-described reactor configuration was used for the primary screening of the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene, the selective oxidation of ethane to acetic acid, and the selective ammonoxidation of propane to acrylonitrile. 

Material science can also benefit from oligomeric state of proteins. New retinal nano-ceramic materials with pillared hybrid micro-structures were fabricated for potential applications in optical holographic data storage. It was observed that the Schiff bases in retinal have substantial effect on optical properties of nano-ceramic films as well as diffraction efficiency for holographic storage. This study indicates feasibility of optimizing optical properties of nano-ceramic clay systems using Schiff bases for a variety of photonic applications.40... 

The body of scientific knowledge behind food fabrication started to accumulate less than 50 years ago. It has been in the last 20 years that the study of foods as materials has become a field in its own. It has been fostered by advances in related areas, most notably polymer science, mesoscopic physics, microscopy, and other advanced physical techniques. Progress in separations science has led to economically feasible processes that make available refined and functional food ingredients that replace or complement traditional raw materials. New technologies, most notably the use of membranes and microdevices, promise to bring the scale of fabrication closer to that of micro structural elements in dispersed phases (droplets, bubbles). 

Tang SF, Deng JJ, Du HF, Liu WC, Yang K (2005) Fabrication and micro structure of C/SiC composites using a novel heaterless chemical vapor infiltration technique. J Am Ceram Soc 88 3253-3255... 

Over the past decade, continuous flow reactors have been fabricated from a wide range of substrates, including glass [6, 7], metals [8], silicon [9], ceramics [10], and polymers [11], with the material selection being based on chemical compatibility, reactor temperature and pressure, along with the fabrication technique [12] employed and the complexity of any micro structures required. 

In order to understand the roles that biomolecules play in the fabrication of nano- and micro-structured biosilica, organic material associated with biosilica was identified, isolated and studied. In addition to some earlier studies, the following recent findings are of particular importance. Several proteins isolated from plants, diatom species (silafFins) and sponges (silicateins) have previously been shown to facilitate the in vitro polymeri tion of silica from a silicon catecholate complex, tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and tetra-ethoxysilane (TEOS), respectively. Bioextracts from plants Equisetum talmateia and Equisetum arvense have been isolated from biosilica. These... 

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