Fiber yarn

Dyeing The process of adding color to textiles in either fiber, yarn or fabric form. 

Sizing. Material used to. increase or improve the stiffness, strength, smoothness, or weight of fibers, yarns, fabrics, paper, leather, and the like. Examples are starch, oils, gums, waxes, polymers, and silicones. 

In particular in the case of elastomer fibers, such compounds (in many cases silicone compounds) add up to 2.5-8% of the weight of the fibers. Besides problems in removing these oily components during pretreatment, for example, washing of the textiles, the compounds are then detected in the wastewater in considerable amounts. As the addition of such auxiliaries is required for technical purposes, an optimization of the situation has to be achieved by direct cooperation between the fiber/yarn/fabric producer and the textile dyehouses. 

The removal of fiber/yarn preparation during the pretreatment of knitted material can be identified as an important source of oil, grease, and silicones in wastewater. A general treatment can be performed by means of precipitation, flocculation, membrane filtration, and evaporation. 

Essera Olefin fibers American Fibers Yarns... 

The mechanical response of composites, as shown in these exploratory studies, indicates dependence on the ease with which fracture can occur between fibers, yarns, and plies. Poorly crystallized matrices result in composites that are strong and stiff but with little yield so that failure occurs catastrophically. In contrast, more crystalline matrices seem to be not quite as strong and to have a lower effective modulus, but their increased strain capability ensures that failure is not catastrophic the composited strength decays gradually as further strain is applied. Thus, the energy required for total failure is increased, and the composite with more crystalline matrix is more tolerant of defects or stress risers. 

Hearle JWS, Grosberg P and Backer S, "Structural Mechanics of Fibers, Yarns and Fabrics", Wiley Interscience, New York, 1969. 

A fiber yarn is a multifilament assembly. A yarn is frequently employed in making woven forms. There are certain yarn structural parameters that are important in determining its properties. Some of the important yam stmctural parameters are described below. 

Cationic softener and antistat for acrylic fibers, yarn, knitgoods and nylon carpet. 

Dyebath or last rinse softener for acrylic staple fiber, yarn and knitgoods. Can be applied in jet dyers. Excellent napping lubricant. 

T-C 9180 Compound is used in combination with starch, compounds and/or wax as a sizing agent for cotton and staple fiber yarns. The product has outstanding film forming and adhesive properties along with uniform penetration of the yarn to give good elasticity and smoothness. 

Figure 5. Paired-fiber yarn, side A, Halberd No. i, 72.5X magnification.

Yarn Evidence. Several types of yarn formations were distinguished. The paired-fiber yarn shape evident in the yam-type formations is present in the fabric-type areas as well (Figure 5). For the most part, this formation is green in color, indicating malachite however, some of the paired fiber yarn shapes are a dark brown-black in color. These darker entities appear more often in the fabric-type zones than in the yarn-type areas. 

Measurements were obtained from selected yarn pseudomorphs, and the figures indicate a fair amount of consistency for the single-fiber yarn type and the paired-fiber yarn shape. Not as easily measured were yarn pseudomorphs with multiple components, either in the form of a single strand with numerous fiber components or a plied yarn pseudo-morph. Because encmstations had formed along the surfaces of the formations, it was difficult to identify clear boundaries for them. 

Most of the single-fiber yarn pseudomorphs, green in color and with zero twist, designated 0, ranged from 39 to 50 xm in size however, one... 

Not surprisingly, paired-fiber yarn formations of both colors ranged from 80 xm, a dark yarn with 0 twist, to 107.8 xm for another dark yarn with S-twist, designated ( ). All the green, paired-fiber yarn formations measured approximately 100 (Jim in size. 

A three-ply yarn shape was identified and measured (Figure 8). It was dark brown-black in color and was composed of three paired-fiber yarn formations ( ) that were plied together in (/) direction. The ply yarn was calculated to be 127.45 (xm in size one of the paired-fiber yarn pseudomorphs, to be 107.8 xm and a single fiber, 58.8-68 (xm. No green yarns were observed larger than 100 xm. 

Implications of these findings will be examined in later work. Suffice it to say here that a variety of yarns were observed, and all were related to single and paired-fiber yarns and were eitiier green or black. The evidence of yarn formations is summarized in Table II. 

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