Eye solution

In the eye, solutions of 15% or more caused lasting corneal damage but a 5% solution only caused minor injury. The injury caused by single applications appears to be attributable to the highly alkaline character of DETA, rather than to some other innate toxicity. ... 

Allergic conjunctivitis Two percent aqueous eye solution (EINTAL eye... 

In addition to the use of penetration enhancers in eye solutions, both for improving the corneal and the conjunctival (systemic) delivery of drugs, the use of these agents has also been extended to their incorporation into other ocular delivery systems. For example, solid ocular inserts made of polyvinylalcohol (PVA) containing sulfadicramide and some absorption promoters, e.g., polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, L-(lysophosphatidylocholine), and deoxy-cholic acid sodium salt, have been reported. Such inserts showed an increase in the penetration of the drug through the animal cornea in in vitro studies [108]. 

Dust irritates the eyes. Solution irritates the skin and the eyes. Swallowing assumed to cause irritation and poisoning. Prevent contact with skin and eyes. Avoid breathing dust.11 TLV-STEL-C 0.29 mg/m3.12... 

Some of the dyes that are photolabile have been reported to cause phototoxic effects. For example, curcumin has demonstrated phototoxicity to mammalian cells (20). Methylene blue in eye solutions was reported to induce toxic effects (21). It is important, therefore, that drugs and excipients used in product formulations be screened for their photostability as well as photosensitizing effects. 

Vandezande LM, Gallouj K, Lamblin C, Fourquet B, Maillot E, Wallaert B. Pneumopathie interstitielle induite par un collyre de timolol. [Interstitial lung disease induced by timolol eye solution.] Rev Mai Respir 1999 16(l) 91-3. 

Mintz MJ. Contamination of fluorescein and furacin eye solutions case reports. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon 1960 39 435-6. 

Ingestion is the most frequent route of exposure. Exposure can also occur following instillation of eye solutions and via subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and inhalation routes. Accidental overdosage may occur when atropine is administered for the treatment of organophosphate or carbamate insecticide poisoning. 

Regardless of the specific vesicant, patients experiencing only mild conjnnctivitis beginning more than 12 h after exposure are unlikely to suffer progression to serions eye injury. These patients should receive a complete eye examination, inclnding visual acuity testing and treatment with a soothing eye solution, such as Visine or Murine. Such patients do not require admission, but should receive instructions to return home if symptoms worsen (25,26). 

Trifluorothymidine is available as a 1% ophthalmic solution, which is effective in dendritic ulcers. Generally, a 1% eye solution of trifluorothymidine is well tolerated. Cross-hypersensitivity and crosstoxicity between trifluorothymidine, idoxuridine, and vidarabine are rare. The most frequent side effects are temporary burning, stinging, localized edema, and bone marrow toxicity. It is less toxic but more expensive than idoxuridine. Trifluorothymidine, when given IV, shows a plasma half-life of 18 minutes and is excreted in the urine either unchanged or as the inactive metabolite 5-carboxyuracil. 

Acosta MC, Gallar J, Belmonte C. The inflnence of eye solutions on blinking and ocular comfort at rest and dnring work at video display terminals. Exp... 

The basic principles of eye care are to prevent infection and to prevent scarring. Although it is unlikely that mustard will still be in the eye by the time the casualty is seen, the eye should be irrigated to remove any possible chemical agent that might be on the lashes and to remove any inflammatory debris that might be on the surface of the eye. Mild lesions (eg, conjunctivitis) can be treated three to four times daily with a soothing eye solution. 

Liquids are best for decontaminating large or irregular surface areas. Hypochlorite solutions are well suited for MTFs with adequate water supplies. For hypochlorite to be most effective, it has to be relatively fresh (made daily or more frequently, particularly in a warm environment where evaporation will occur) and have a concentration of 0.5% at an alkaline pH (pH 10-11). Hypochlorite solutions are for use on skin and soft-tissue wounds only. Hypochlorite should not be used in abdominal wounds, in open chest wounds, on nervous tissue, or in the eye. Surgical irrigation solutions should be used in liberal amounts in the abdomen and chest. All such solutions should be removed by suction instead of sponging and wiping. Only copious amounts of water, normal saline, or eye solutions are recommended for the eye. Contaminated wounds are discussed later in this chapter. 

Blue, green, yellow absorbed violet and red light travel to eye, solution appears red-violet... 

Bull s Eye solutions (Figure 12.3). The label shows a circular zone filled with diacetylenic monomers that are ready to initiate long polymerisation chains. The process, which is temperature-dependent, allows the chromatic variation of coloured circles to darker tints [10]. This variation is appreciable with or without optical scanners and may be correlated to different sensitivities. In addition, the activation has to be started exactly when foods are packaged. So, Bull s Eye indicators are simply frozen until the final use. Normally, the main targets are fresh and frozen products. 

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a very lubricious high-molecular-weight water-soluble polymer found in connective tissue and the sinovial fluid that cushions the joints. HA is also found in the vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye. Solutions are injected in the eye during intraocular lens surgery to protect the cornea and the iris from damage during surgery. Table 11.1 shows data on HA concentration,... 

When the pH value of the eye solution deviates from 7.4, it will take time to get the normal pH restored in the tear fluid. The greater the buffering capacity is, the longer it will take [72]. Therefore, it is advisable not to use buffering solution outside the pH range 6.5-8.5. 

Shortly after the appearance of the gas casualty chest in 1S>42, a small gas casualty first-aid kit, evolved from the earlier plant kit, was standardized and issued on the basis of one to each twenty-five individuals and as an accessory of vehicular equipment. Its contents, based on developments reported in TM 8-285, were dichloramine-T in triacetin, hydrogen peroxide solution, copper sulfate solution. Ml eye solution, amyl nitrite, pontacaine ointment, and M4 protective ointment. Three years later, in 1945, this same first-aid kit contained BAL ointment, chloroform, amyl nitrite, copper sulfate, eye and nose drops, calamine lotion, and the M5 protective ointment kit, the latter consisting of four tubes of M5 protective ointment and one tube of BAL eye ointment. Over 250,000 of these kits were procured for shipment overseas. 

One of the first American results of the BAL investigation was the development by the Du Pont laboratories under CWS contract of Ml eye solution, a 5 percent solution of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol in ethylene glycol. Shortly after this a series of experiments indicated that a 5 percent BAL ointment was much less difficult to apply to the eyes and that, despite the pain of lewisite eye contamination, untrained personnel could probably apply effective quantities of the ointment to themselves. The service standardized BAL eye ointment in July 1943. 

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