Colostrum human

Hallgren, B., Niklasson, A., Stallberg, G, and Thorin, B. 1974. On the occurrence of 1-0-alkyglycerols and l-0-(2-methoxyalkyl) glycerols in human colostrum, human... 

C21H37NO18 591.519 Occurs in bovine colostrum, human urine and in Hematoside, a sialosyl ceramide isol. from horse erythrocytes. 

This occurs in the seromucous secretions such as saliva, tears, nasal secretions, sweat, colostrum and secretions of the lung, urinogenital and gastrointestinal tracts. Its purpose appears to be to protect the external surfaces of the body from microbial attack. It occurs as a dimer in these secretions but as a monomer in human plasma, where its function is not known. The function of IgA appears to be to prevent the adherence of microorganisms to the surface ofmucosal cells thus preventing them entering the body tissues. It is protected from proteolysis by combination with another protein—the secretory component. 

In the same way as volatiles from the whole breast, odorants carried in human colostrum/milk are arousing and attractive to newborns (Mizuno, Mizuno, Shino-hara and Noda 2004 Marlier and Schaal 2005). Interestingly, neonatal responsiveness to these milk cues does not seem to depend on breastfeeding experience as term-born infants exclusively fed formula (Marlier and Schaal 2005), and premature infants (Bingham et al. 2003), react to them in the same way as regularly breast-fed infants. 

Olfactorily active compounds carried in human milk have rarely been subjected to chemical analysis (Stafford, Horning and Zlatkis 1976 Pellizari, Hartwell, Harris III, Waddell, Whitaker and Erickson 1982 Shimoda, Ishikawa, Hayakawa and Osajima 2000 Bingham, Sreven-Tuttle, Lavin and Acree 2003), and so far no attempt was undertaken to characterize the volatile composition of human AG secretions. Thus, the degree of their chemical overlap or specificity cannot be evaluated. Here we present preliminary data from such comparative analyses of colostrum and AG secretions from the same women. 

In 1977, mirex was detected in human milk and colostrum samples of women living in upstate New York. Milk from women in Oswego and Rochester, areas adjacent to Lake Ontario (known to be contaminated with mirex), was compared with milk from women in Albany (considered to be free from mirex contamination). Mean mirex concentrations from women in each area were as follows ... 

HIV is present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the major source of transmitted virus. Titers, however, are quite low, about 10,000 infectious doses per ml of blood, so that the blood is less infectious than in hepatitis B virus infections. The amount present tends to fall after seroconversion and rises again during development of AIDS-related complex and AIDS. Smaller amounts of virus are also present in semen and saliva, and probably even smaller amounts in colostrum, the human cervix, and tears. Infection is reported in CD4 positive submucosal cells in the rectum and large bowel and could be a route of entry in homosexuals. 

Asakuma, S., Urashima, T., Akahori, M., Obayashi, H., Nakamura, T., Kimura, K., Watanabe, Y., Aral, I., and Sanai, Y. (2007). Variation of major neutral oligosaccharides levels in human colostrum. Eur. ]. Clin. Nutr. 62,488M 94. 

Cravioto, A., Tello, A., Villafan, H., Ruiz, J., del Vedovo, S., and Neeser, J.-R. (1991). Inhibition of localized adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells by immunoglobulin and oligosaccharide fractions of human colostrum and breast milk. /. Infect. Dis. 163,1247-1255. 

Buescher, E. S., and Williams-Koeppen, P. (1998). Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors in human colostrum and milk bind to TNF-alpha and neutralize TNF-alpha bioactivity. Pediatr. Res. 44, 37—42. 

Murphey, D. K., and Buescher, E. S. (1993). Human colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatr. Res. 34, 208-212. 

A disaccharide derivative (42) of more conventional structure has also been isolated from hen oviduct.177 Its structure was confirmed by its conversion into L-fucose and uridine 5 -(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranosyl pyrophosphate) after treatment with a-L-fucosi-dase. Mild, acidic hydrolysis of the ester 42 produces a disaccharide whose structure was confirmed by periodate oxidation. Human milk and colostrum,178 or milk and colostrum of pig,128 are also sources of... 

Vitamin A activity is present in milk as retinol, retinyl esters and as carotenes. Whole cows milk contains an average of 52 fig retinol and 21 fig carotene per 100 g. The concentration of retinol in raw sheep s and pasteurized goats milks is 83 and 44 fig per 100 g, respectively, although milks of these species are reported (Holland et ai, 1991) to contain only trace amounts of carotenes. Human milk and colostrum contain an average of 58 and 155 fig retinol per lOOg, respectively. In addition to their role as provitamin A, the carotenoids in milk are reponsible for the colour of milk fat (Chapter 11). 

Whole cows milk contains 0.4-1.8 fig vitamin K per 100 g while human milk contains about 0.2 fig per 100 g. Human colostrum contains higher concentrations of vitamin K, which are necessary since bacteria capable of synthesizing vitamin K take time to become established in the intestine of the neonate. Irradiation under anerobic and apolar conditions can result in cis-trans isomerization, resulting in loss of activity since only the trans isomer has vitamin K activity. However, unit operations in dairy processing are unlikely to have an effect on the stability of this nutrient. 

Milk contains, on average, 0.03 mg thiamin per 100 g. Most (50-70%) of the thiamin in bovine milk is in the free form lesser amounts are phos-phorylated (18-45%) or protein-bound (7-17%). The concentration in mature human milk is somewhat lower (c. 0.02 mg per 100 g). Human colostrum contains only trace amounts of thiamin which increase during lactation. Pasteurized milk from goats and Channel Island breeds of cow contain about 0.04 mg per lOOg, while values for raw sheep s milk are somewhat higher, with an average of 0.08 mg per 100 g. Most of the thiamin... 

Raw ovine and pasteurized caprine milks contain 0.6 and 0.1 jug B12 per 100 g, respectively. Human colostrum contains 0.1 fig per 100 g but the mature milk contains only traces of B12. Concentrations of B12 in dairy products (Appendix 6A) include about 0.3 fig per 100 g for cream and 1 fig per 100 g for many cheese varieties. Yogurt contains roughly 0.2 fig per 100 g of this nutrient. 

A protein which possesses reaginic activity but does not appear to belong to the other classes of immunoglobulin is transmitted to suckled calves through colostrum (Hammer et al. 1971 Benton et al. 1976). It has been tentatively accepted as IgE, since it cross-reacts with human IgE (Nielson 1977). In molecular size it lies between IgG and IgM (Hammer et al 1971 Wells and Eyre, 1971). This immunoglobulin needs to be further investigated and characterized. 

Nutritional significance. As one of the major whey proteins in human milk and also relatively abundant in bovine colostrum, LF is of interest as a dietary source of amino acids as well as for the bioavailability of iron. LF has an... 

Concentration in milk and colostrum. The concentration of different Ig classes in milk and colostrum varies considerably according to species, breed, age, stage of lactation, and health status, and is often different from that in blood. In human milk and colostrum, the IgA class comprises about 90% and in blood 15-20% of total Ig, whereas the IgG class is dominant in bovine milk, colostrum and blood (about 60-70% of total Ig). 

EFFICACY OF BOVINE IMMUNE COLOSTRUM OR MILK AGAINST MICROBIAL INFECTIONS IN HUMANS... 

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