Manganese in soils

H. Marschner, Mechanisms of mangane.se acquisition by roots from. soils. Manganese in Soils and Plants (R. Graham, R. J, Hannam, and N. C. Uren eds.), Kluwer Academic Publi.shers, Norwell, Massachusetts. 1988, p. 191. 

Manganese in soil has many characteristics that are similar to iron for instance, it exists in multiple oxidation states Mn2+, Mn3+, and Mn4+. Although manganese can exist in the laboratory in other oxidations states, from -3 to +7, the +2 to +4 species are the ones commonly found in soil. Manganese forms various oxide and hydroxide species and chelates with many soil components. Its low oxidation state (i.e., Mn2+) is more soluble and more available than its high oxidation state (i.e., Mn4+). 

Dong et al. [ 13] evaluated sampling and analytical errors for the determination of manganese in soils, and no doubt the conclusions reached in this work could be applied to other elements. 

The determination of manganese in soils is also discussed under Multi-Metal Analysis of Soils in Sects. 2.55 (inductively coupled plasma atomic... 

Amacher, M.L., and Baker, D, E. (1982). Redox Reactions Involving Chromium, Plutonium, and Manganese in Soils, DOE/DP/OY515.1. Inst. Res. Land and Water Resour. Pennsylvania State University, University Park. 

Bundt, M., Kretzschmar, S., Zech, W. and Wilcke, W. (1997) Seasonal redistribution of manganese in soil aggregates of a Costa Rican coffee field. Soil Sci., 162, 641-647. 

Bartlett, R.J., Manganese redox reactions and organic interactions in soils, in Manganese in soils and plants, Graham, R.D., Hannam, R.J., and Uren, N.C., Eds., Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1988, p. 59. 

Geering, H. R., Hodgson, J. F., and Sdano, C. Micronutrient cation complexes in soil solution IV. The chemical state of manganese in soil solution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 33 81-85 (1969). 

About 35% of the iron and 75% of the manganese in soils and sediments is in the form of free oxides (Canfield, 1997 Cornell and Schwertmann, 1996 Thamdrup, 2000). The remainder occurs as a minor constituent of silicate minerals. The lattice stmcture of Fe(III) oxide minerals varies widely. Freshly oxidized Fe(III) precipitates rapidly as ferrihydrite (Fe(OH)3), a reddish-brown, amorphous, poorly crystalline mineral. Ferrihydrite is the dominant product of Fe(II) oxidation whether it occurs by abiotic oxidation, aerobic microbial oxidation, or anaerobic microbial oxidation (Straub et al., 1998). Over a period of weeks to months, amorphous ferrihydrite crystals undergo diagenesis to yield well-ordered, strongly crystalline, stable minerals such as hematite(a-Fe203) and goethite (a-FeOOH) (Cornell and Schwertmann, 1996). 

Microorganisms have been implicated in transformations of manganese in soils, aquatic environments, and in large-scale manganese deposits. The... 

Amacher, M.C., and D.E. Baker. 1982. Redox reactions involving chromium, plutonium, and manganese in soils. DOE/DP/045I5-1. USDOE, Las Vegas, NV, and Inst, for Res. on Land and Water Resour., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA. 

Kuo S, Helman PE and Baker AS (1983) Distribution and forms of copper, zinc, cadmium, iron, and manganese in soils near a copper smelter. Soil Sci 135 101-109. 

Methane production rates are inhibited in soils with intense cycling of iron and manganese. In soils with limited availability of Fe(III) and Mn(IV) oxides and other electron acceptors, methanogenesis is the dominant pathway in regulating organic matter decomposition, and ultimately a major methane source to the atmosphere. 

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