Intracellular distribution

Glucose transport activity is regulated through transcriptional and translational control of the GLUT proteins, through their activity, and through alterations of their intracellular distribution. Most importantly, the GLUT4 continuously cycles between an intracellular,... 

Soldo D, Hari R, Sigg L, Behra R (2005) Tolerance of Oocystis nephrocytioides to copper intracellular distribution and extracellular complexation of copper. Aquat Toxicol 71 307... 

Snyder, R.M., Mirabelli, C. and Crooke, S.J. (1986) Cellular association, intracellular distribution, and efflux of auranofin via sequential ligand exchange reactions. Biochemical Pharmacology, 35, 923-932. 

The intracellular distribution of steroid hormone receptors has long been the object of controversy. The first theoretical formulation on the intracellular location of the ERs was elaborated by Jensen in 1968 and is known as the two-step theory. Its execution was based entirely on biochemical observations obtained by means of tritium-marked estradiol. The ERs, in cells not exposed to hormones, are found abundantly in the soluble cell fraction, or cytosol (Fig. 1.1). Treatment with hormones confines the receptors to the particulated or nuclear fraction and causes their disappearance from the cytosol. The two-step theory established that the receptor is found in the cytoplasm naturally and upon the arrival of a hormone it is transformed into a complex hormone-receptor (first step) capable of translocating itself to the nucleus and of modifying gene expression (second step). 

Nilsson, J. R. (1979). Intracellular distribution of lead in Tetrahymena during continuous exposure to the metal, J. Cell ScL, 39, 383-396. 

With an increase in pH, there is an increased absorption of mercuric chloride [6, 7], whereas accumulation of mercury in the intestinal tissue decreases. Mercury absorption is inversely proportional to its accumulation in the tissue. An increase in water absorption due to hypotonicity or an increase in concentration of sodium ions or urea increases the mercury absorption and accumulation in the epithelial cell, without change in the intracellular distribution pattern [8], Thus, the absorption of mercury is thought to accompany the solvent drag and to be influenced by pH change in the intestinal lumen. 

Mueller, G.C. and Miller, J.A. The reductive cleavage of l+-dimethylaminoazobenzene by rat liver the intracellular distribution of the enzyme system and its requirement for triphosphopyridine nucleotide. J. Biol. Chem. (191+9) 180, 1125-1136. 

The fluorescent labels reported for investigation of intracellular uptake and distribution by CLSM comprise Nile red [13], Texas Red, and 6-coumarin [14]. Not only for fluorescence microscopy but also for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the loading of markers proved to be useful. Osmium tetroxid as an electron dense marker and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein were entrapped in PLGA-nanoparticles to elucidate their uptake and intracellular distribution in human vascular smooth muscle cells [15]. 

Elucidation of intracellular trafficking and localization by means of CLSM is widely spread in the field of targeted drug delivery systems. Thus, CLSM analysis was performed to determine uptake and intracellular distribution of potential targeters [25, 43], drug conjugates [44, 45], as well as nanoparticles... 

Beyer, U., Rothen-Rutishauser, B., Unger, C., Wunderli-Allenspach, H., Kratz, F., Differences in the intracellular distribution of acid-sensitive doxorubicin-protein conjugates in comparison to free and liposomal formulated doxorubicin as shown by confocal microscopy. Pharm Res 18, 29-38 (2001). 

In earlier studies, the duplex drugs 5-FdU-NOAC and ara-C-NOAC were found to be strong inhibitors of the cell cycle, mainly arresting tumor cells in the early S-phase (33,46 8). However, with liposome formulations of the duplex drugs cell uptake, intracellular distribution, biodistribution, and metabolism were not yet investigated in details. Due to their similarity to NOAC, it can be assumed that they have comparable pharmacological... 

The cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of 20 mol% STPP containing liposomes was studied in breast cancer cells (BT 20) using epifluorescence... 

Because the intracellular pH at least partially regulates the intracellular sorting of endocytosed ligands (61), a block of acidification leads to a change of intracellular distribution and diminished uptake (82). 

Fujiwake H, Suzuki T, Iwai K (1982) Intracellular distributions of enzymes and intermediates involved in biosynthesis of capsaicin and its analogues in Capsicum fruits. Agric Biol Chem 46 2685-2689... 

Yamaoka T, Hanada M, Ichii S, Morisada S, Noguchi T, Yanagi Y. (1999) Uptake and intracellular distribution of amrubicin, a novel 9-aminoanthra-cycline, and its active metabolite amrubicinol in P388 murine leukemia cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 90 685-690. 

Bll. Bernstein, L. H., Ben Ezzer, J., Gartner, L., and Arias, I. M., Hepatic intracellular distribution of tritium-labelled unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin in normal and Gunn rats. J. Clin. Invest. 45, 1194-1201 (1966). 

B29. Brown, W. R., Grodsky, G. M., and Carbone, J. V., Intracellular distribution of tritiated bilirubin during hepatic uptake and excretion. Amer, J. Physiol. 267, 1237-1241 (1964). 

Reits EA], Vos )C, Gromme M, NeeQes ] (2000) The major substrates for TAP in vivo are derived from newly synthesized proteins. Nature 13 774-778 Reits EAJ, Benham AM, Plougastel B, NeeQes ), Trowsdale J (1997) Dynamics of proteasome distribution in living cells. EMBO J 16 6087-6094 Rivett A) (1998) Intracellular distribution of proteasomes. Curr Opin Immunol 10 110-114... 

The intracellular distribution of a glycosidase in a mammalian tissue can be studied by centrifugal fractionation of a homogenate made in isotonic (0.25 M) sucrose solution. The membranes of subcellular particles are preserved in this medium and, provided that there is no leakage of the enzyme, its partition between the different sizes of particle can be measured. Before the enzyme is assayed, it may be necessary to destroy the structure of the particles, in order to make the enzyme completely accessible to the substrate. 

The determination of the intracellular distribution of total dolichol in pig liver showed that it is fairly evenly distributed. The values obtained in the various fractions were in the range of 1 mg per g of protein. Microsomes contained 0.78, and ground plasm 0.30, whereas nuclei and mitochondria were richest, with respective values of 1.34 and 1.07 mg per g of protein.178 A re-examination that was undertaken when it became clear that dolichol also occurs in esterified form re-... 

Bernstein, R. S., Nevalaincn, J., Schraer, F., Schraer, H. Intracellular distribution and role of carbonic anhydrase in the avian (Gattus domesticus) shell gland mucosa. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 159, 367 (1968)... 

Hohman, W., Schraer, H. The intracellular distribution of calcium in the mucosa of the avian shell gland. J. Cell. Biol. 30, 317 (1966)... 

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