Body fluids composition

All eukaryote cells are faced with differences in intracellular solute composition when compared with the external environment. Many eukaryotes live in seawater, and have cells which are either bathed in seawater directly, or have an extracellular body fluid which is broadly similar to seawater [3]. Osmoregulation and body fluid composition in animals has been extensively reviewed (e.g. [3,15-21]), and reveals that many marine invertebrates have body fluids that are iso-osmotic with seawater, but may regulate some electrolytes (e.g. SO2-) at lower levels than seawater. Most vertebrates have a body fluid osmotic pressure (about 320mOsmkg 1), which is about one-third of that in seawater (lOOOmOsmkg ), and also regulate some electrolytes in body fluids at... 

Lentner, C. (1981). Units of Measurement, Body Fluids, Composition of the Body, Nutrition. In "Geigy Scientific Tables," 8th edn. Ciba-Geigy Corporation, West Caldwell, NJ. 

Strain and pressure sensors and also biochemosensors for measuring characteristics of the human skin are particularly interesting for this kind of applications because they could measure a wide set of parameters such as posture, breathing activity body fluids composition, etc. in a totally nonintrusive way. This characteristic is in fact very interesting for practical applications. For instance, it would allow doctors to monitor the patient status in real time, 24 h a day additionally, it would afford a better quality of life to patients for whom they would be perceived as noninvasive monitoring systems. 

The presenting symptoms of uremia are similar to many other encephalopathic states. The differential diagnosis is even more complex, since patients with renal failure are subjected to other intercurrent illnesses that may also induce other encephalopathic effects. In patients with renal failure, treatment with dialysis will restore more normal body fluid composition. Despite the possibility that multiple causes of encephalopathy might occur simultaneously, uremic encephalopathy may be successfully differentiated in most instances by means of the usual clinical methods. 

Lentner C, editor. Geigy scientfiic tables. Vol. I. Units of measurements, body fluids, composition qf the body, nutrition. West Caldwell Ciba-Geigy 1981 161. 

The composition of body fluids remains relatively constant despite the many demands placed on the body each day. On occasion, these demands cannot be met, and electrolytes and fluids must be given in an attempt to restore equilibrium. The solutions used in the management of body fluids discussed in this chapter include blood plasma, plasma protein fractions, protein substrates, energy substrates, plasma proteins, electrolytes, and miscellaneous replacement fluids. Electrolytes are electrically charged particles (ions) that are essential for normal cell function and are involved in various metabolic activities. This chapter discusses the use of electrolytes to replace one or more electrolytes that may be lost by the body. The last section of this chapter gives a brief overview of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). 

All body fluids are filtered and processed by the kidneys several times per day, resulting in precise regulation of volume and composition of these fluids. 

Kim, H.-M., Kishimoto, K., Miyaji, F., Kokubo, T., Yao, T., Suetsugu, Y., Tanaka, J. and Nakamura, T. (2000) Composition and structure of apatite formed on organic polymer in simulated body fluid with a high content of carbonate ion. Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Medicine, 11, 421—426. 

Body Fluids in Childhood, Composition of (Josephson), 1, 301 Dehydrogenases Glucose - 6-Phosphate... 

The gross appearance (macrostructure) of a kidney is recognizable to most people, even those who have no detailed knowledge of mammalian physiology. Furthermore, many people would be able to state that the role of the kidneys is to excrete waste materials in the urine. What is less likely to be so widely appreciated is the importance and complexity of action of the kidney in regulating the chemical composition and volume of the body fluids, a key aspect of homeostasis. Receiving approximately 25% of cardiac output per minute, the kidneys are adapted to monitoring blood pressure. 

Composition of the Body Fluids in Childhood Bertil Josephson... 

Body fluids are partitioned between the intracellular fluids (ICF), which constitute two-thirds of total body water, and extracellular fluids (ECF), which constitute one-third of total body water. The ECF consists of plasma and interstitial fluid plus lymph. The ionic composition differs substantially between ECF and ICF (Table 21.1). Sodium is the primary cation in ECF, whereas potassium is the principal intracellular cation. 

G.V. Iyengar, W.E. Kollmer, H.J.M. Bowen, The Elemental Composition of Human Tissues and Body Fluids, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1978. 

As soon as a treatment principle is established, the composition plan and treatment strategies can be arranged. For instance, to treat the syndrome of excess heat in the Lung and Stomach, one would first prescribe herbs that have sweet-cold, bitter-cold or salty-cold properties, and which have the functions of clearing heat and reducing fire in the Lung and Stomach. Second, herbs that are sweet and cold and that can nourish body fluids and protect the Yin, which has been severely consumed by the excess heat, should be selected. Herbs that can tonify the Qi should be selected if the Qi is weakened severely by the heat. Herbs that moderate the actions of the harsh herbs in the formula, and reduce their side effects, should also be added. 

This chapter introduces the principles, methods and strategies for the composition of formulas that reduce heat, relieve fire-toxin, cool the blood and generate the body fluids. They are used to treat various internal heat syndromes. 

This chapter introduces the principles, methods and strategies for the composition of formulas that stabilize the body essence, body fluids, blood and Qi. They are used to treat abnormal discharge of the essential substances of the body and abnormal consumption of the Qi. They can also be used for the composition of formulas that stabilize the structure of the internal organs, which slip from their normal places when the Qi is deficient. 

The main functions of the human kidney are the formation and excretion of urine, and control of the composition of body fluids. Details of the structure and functions ofthe human kidney may be found in textbooks of physiology [1] or biomedical engineering [13]. Each ofthe two human kidneys contains approximately one million units of tubules (nephrons), each 20-30 pm in diameter, and with a total... 

A dialysate solution of a composition appropriate to the patient is prepared by diluting with water one of concentrated dialysates of standard compositions that are available commercially. Typical compositions of diluted dialysates are as follows Na 130-140mEql , K 2-2.5 mEql , Ca" 2.5-3.5 mEql , Mg + 1.0-1.5mEql", Cl 100-110 mEql HCOj" 30-35 mEql b glucose 0 or 1-2 gl , osmolarity 270-300 mOsm 1 T Electrolytes are added to the dialysate mainly to prevent electrolytes in the body fluid from moving into the dialysate, and sometimes to control the concentration of some ions such as Na in the body fluid at an appropriate level. 

The ionic compositions of tissues and of body fluids vary substantially. Blood of marine organisms is similar to that of seawater in its content of Na+, CT, Ca2+, and Mg2+. Blood of freshwater and terrestrial organisms... 

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