Evaluation of procedures

Several alumina powders have been analyzed using SEM, TEM, gas adsorption, x-ray Sedigraph and laser light scattering and the results compared [210]. 

Kenney, L.C. (1985), Particle Size Analysis, 247-260, Proc. 5th International Conf, Analyt. Div. Chem. Soc., ed. P.J. Lloyd, publ. John Wiley Sons, 144 

ASTM D4791-898 (1989), Standard test method for flat and elongated particles, 144 

BS 3406 Part 4 (1993), Methods for determination of particle size distribution. Part 4, Guide to microscopy and image analysis methods, 144, 146, 154, 155, 162 

ASTM E20 Practice for particle size analysis of particulate substances in the range 0.5 pm to 75 pm, 144 

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Conway, M.W. Pauls, R.W. Harris, L.E. "Evaluation of Procedures and Instrumentation Available for Time-Temperature Stability Studies of Crosslinked Fluids," SPE paper 9333, 1980 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, September 21-24. 

The HAZOP technique also can be used for the evaluation of procedures. Procedures may be regarded as a system designed to program an operator to carry out a sequence of correct actions. Deviations from intent are developed, with the emphasis on operator action deviation rather than physical property deviation. It is the procedure, not the hardware, that is the object of study, but hardware modifications may be recommended to cover potential problems identified from procedure deviations. 

Young DS, Jackson AJ. Thin-layer chromatography of urinary carbohydrates. A comparative evaluation of procedures. Clin Chem 1970 16 954-9. 

Sisovic A, Fugas M. 1991. Comparative evaluation of procedures for the determination of PAH in low-volume samples. Environ Monit Assess 18(3) 235-241. 

U. Certa, Evaluation of procedures for amplification of small-size samples for hybridization on microarrays, Genomics 2004, 83, 508-517. 

ML Rotter, W Roller, G Wewalka, et al. Evaluation of procedures for hygienic hand-disinfection controlled parallel experiments on the Vienna test model. J Hygiene Cambridge 1986 96 27-37. 

M Rotter, W Koller, G Wewalka. Povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate-containing detergents for disinfection of hands. J Hosp Infect 2 149-158, 1980. ML Rotter, W Koller, G Wewalka, HP Werner, GAJ Ayliffe, JR Babb. Evaluation of procedures for hygienic hand-disinfection controlled parallel experiments on the Vienna test model. J Hyg Camb 96 27-37, 1986. 

Zebrowski et al. (1995) Evaluation of procedure with ceric titrant, New Brunswick Laboratory report 332 Zeissler R, Donohue DL (1995) J Radioanal Nucl Chem 194 229... 

Kassongo J, Togo CA. Performance improvement of whey-driven microbial fuel cells by acclimation of indigenous anodophilic microbes. Afr J Biotechnol 2011 10 7846-7852. Kim JR, Min B, Logan BE. Evaluation of procedures to acclimate a microbial fuel cell for electricity production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005 68 23-30. 

A promising application of NMR is in the development and evaluation of procedures to afford protection to the heart during ischemia. For example, an early study (Hollis et al, 1977) compared the effects of total, global ischemia on the biochemical state and functional recovery of rabbit hearts under conditions of KCl arrest and reduced temperatures with those at reduced temperatures in the absence of KCl arrest. Typical results are shown in Figure 21 where the pH, ATP level, and PCr level of two identical rabbit hearts are compared following 40 min of total, global ischemia. One heart was arrested with 30 mM KCl solution prior to ischemia the other heart was made ischemic without prior arrest. The pH has decreased from the normal value of 7.18 to 7.0 in the case of the KCl-arrested heart, but it has decreased to 6.1 in the nonarrested heart. In addition, the ATP level is maintained at the control value in the KCl-arrested heart, while it is mark-... 

The procedure would then require calculation of (2m+2) partial derivatives per iteration, requiring 2m+2 evaluations of the thermodynamic functions per iteration. Since the computation effort is essentially proportional to the number of evaluations, this form of iteration is excessively expensive, even if it converges rapidly. Fortunately, simpler forms exist that are almost always much more efficient in application. 

As probes must be manufactured individually for each different tube type, the probe development is an important factor for the economic use of the method. The classical procedure of probe development is a combination of experience and experiment. The new probe design is based on the experience with already manufactured probes. For an evaluation of the new design the probe must be manufactured. If the probe design is complicated, for example due to dual exciter coil arrangement or segmented differential detector coil systems, the costs of the development can be very high. Therefore a method for the pre-calculation of the probe performance is extremely useful. 

This work presents two procedures of quantitative evaluation of the material discontinuities, using the eddy current method. One of the procedures concerns the long surface or subsurface crack-type discontinuities in a flat conductive body. The second procedure allows a quantitative evaluation of short discontinuities, such as voids, inclusions etc. 

NDT has a very important formal status. Requirements for performanee of NDT, acceptance criteria and requirements for personnel qualification are implemented in codes and standards. The NDT procedure is part of the contract. During the many years that NDT methods have been used in industry a well-established situation has evolved, enabling the use of NDT for the evaluation of welds against Good Workmanship Criteria on a routine basis, thus maintaining workmanship standards and minimising the risks of component failure. 

Comparative evaluation of international and national requirements both in the part of the volume and frequence of calibration procedures and examination of devices for ultrasonic and radiographic testing was accomplished. This review showed that procedures specified in national documents on testing and documents of EAL coincide very much. 

During the construction of a ship the Surveyor monitors NDE results for completeness of testing and overall quality of welding. This role includes the evaluation of checkpoints taken specifically for classification purposes but also includes the monitoring of additional checkpoints taken for quality control purposes by the builder. In the case of tankers built to LR Class since 1994 and for bulk carriers built to Class since January 1996 the Surveyor will witness the actions listed as part of the ShipRight Construction Monitoring procedure that is now mandatory. 

Classical ion trajectory computer simulations based on the BCA are a series of evaluations of two-body collisions. The parameters involved in each collision are tire type of atoms of the projectile and the target atom, the kinetic energy of the projectile and the impact parameter. The general procedure for implementation of such computer simulations is as follows. All of the parameters involved in tlie calculation are defined the surface structure in tenns of the types of the constituent atoms, their positions in the surface and their themial vibration amplitude the projectile in tenns of the type of ion to be used, the incident beam direction and the initial kinetic energy the detector in tenns of the position, size and detection efficiency the type of potential fiinctions for possible collision pairs. 

This hierarchical extrapolation procedure can save a significant amount of computer time as it avoids a large fraction of the most time consuming step, namely the exact evaluation of long range interactions. Here, computational... 

Note that the definite integrals in the members of the elemental stiffness matrix in Equation (2.77) are given, uniformly, between the limits of -1 and +1. This provides an important facility for the evaluation of the members of the elemental matrices in finite element computations by a systematic numerical integration procedure (see Section 1.8). 

Science develops ever more rigorous standards of procedure and evaluation for setting reason aside from irrational belief. Flowever,... 

An interesting example of a large specific surface which is wholly external in nature is provided by a dispersed aerosol composed of fine particles free of cracks and fissures. As soon as the aerosol settles out, of course, its particles come into contact with one another and form aggregates but if the particles are spherical, more particularly if the material is hard, the particle-to-particle contacts will be very small in area the interparticulate junctions will then be so weak that many of them will become broken apart during mechanical handling, or be prized open by the film of adsorbate during an adsorption experiment. In favourable cases the flocculated specimen may have so open a structure that it behaves, as far as its adsorptive properties are concerned, as a completely non-porous material. Solids of this kind are of importance because of their relevance to standard adsorption isotherms (cf. Section 2.12) which play a fundamental role in procedures for the evaluation of specific surface area and pore size distribution by adsorption methods. 

A Type II isotherm indicates that the solid is non-porous, whilst the Type IV isotherm is characteristic of a mesoporous solid. From both types of isotherm it is possible, provided certain complications are absent, to calculate the specific surface of the solid, as is explained in Chapter 2. Indeed, the method most widely used at the present time for the determination of the surface area of finely divided solids is based on the adsorption of nitrogen at its boiling point. From the Type IV isotherm the pore size distribution may also be evaluated, using procedures outlined in Chapter 3. 

In the pioneer work of Foster the correction due to film thinning had to be neglected, but with the coming of the BET and related methods for the evaluation of specific surface, it became possible to estimate the thickness of the adsorbed film on the walls. A number of procedures have been devised for the calculation of pore size distribution, in which the adsorption contribution is allowed for. All of them are necessarily somewhat tedious and require close attention to detail, and at some stage or another involve the assumption of a pore model. The model-less method of Brunauer and his colleagues represents an attempt to postpone the introduction of a model to a late stage in the calculations. 

One must conclude therefore that the BET procedure for evaluation of monolayer capacity is not applicable to a Type III (nor by implication, to a Type V) isotherm. 

Before a procedure can provide useful analytical information, it is necessary to demonstrate that it is capable of providing acceptable results. Validation is an evaluation of whether the precision and accuracy obtained by following the procedure are appropriate for the problem. In addition, validation ensures that the written procedure has sufficient detail so that different analysts or laboratories following the same procedure obtain comparable results. Ideally, validation uses a standard sample whose composition closely matches the samples for which the procedure was developed. The comparison of replicate analyses can be used to evaluate the procedure s precision and accuracy. Intralaboratory and interlaboratory differences in the procedure also can be evaluated. In the absence of appropriate standards, accuracy can be evaluated by comparing results obtained with a new method to those obtained using a method of known accuracy. Chapter 14 provides a more detailed discussion of validation techniques. 

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