Evaluation equipment

A process checklist evaluates equipment, materials and safety procedures. A checklist is composed of a series of questions prepared by an engineer who knows the procedure being evaluated. It compares what is in tlie actual plant to a set of safety and company standards. Some questions tliat may be on a t>pical checklist are ... 

Cramped spaces and those with poorly placed materials increase the potential for accidental releases due to constricted and awkward movement in these areas. A determination should be made as to whether materials can be stored in a more organized and safer manner (e.g., stacked, stored in bulk as opposed to individual containers, etc.). The proximity of materials to their place of use should also be evaluated. Equipment and materials used in a particular area should be stored nearby for convenience, but should not hinder the movement of workers or equipment. This is especially important for waste products. Where waste conveyance is not automatic, waste receptacles should be located as close as possible to the waste generation areas, thereby preventing inappropriate disposal leading to environmental releases. 

Assist state and local public safety agencies by evaluating equipment and setting standards... 

The precipitation processes used for the Zr- and Cu-bearing waste acids are discussed below. Bench-scale testing was conducted to determine the efficiency of Zr and Cu removal and to determine cake and solld/liquld separation characteristics under various operating conditions. These tests were also used to evaluate equipment performance and to develop operating procedures. 

The following items should be considered when evaluating equipment for the manufacture of the tablet dosage forms. 

Evaluate the TAC of the process. Table 5.2 gives the economic data and equations used in evaluating equipment capital costs and energy costs. 

The high capital investment cost of the Asahi process is due to the necessity for large absorbers, evaporators, crystallizers, dryers, rotary kiln crackers and screw decanter separators. The major operating and maintenance costs are electricity, fuel oil, steam and chemicals such as soda ash, EDTA and limestone. The requirement for consumption of large amounts of utilities is associated with the operation principle and design of the Asahi process. According to the economic evaluation, equipment required for N0X and SO2 absorption (such as packed-bed absorbers) accounts for 20% of total direct capital investment for treatment of dithionate ion (such as evaporator, crystallizer, dryer, and cracker) it accounts for about 40% and for treatment of nitrogen-sulfur compounds (such as screw decanter and cracker) it accounts for only 2%. 

In dealing with a process, the searcher should break it down into its steps, and note the purposes of each one. He should evaluate equipment with reference to its use, not merely its specific structure. 

A standard testing procedure for dry solids mixing equipment which was available as a means of evaluating equipment performance would help in the most efficient accumulation of meaningful data of this type. Points of view of the men. who build and sell the equipment and of... 

Management emphasis on the identification and correction of problems that can affect human and equipment performance, including assigning qualified personnel to effectively evaluate equipment and human performance problems, implementing corrective actions, and following up to verify corrective actions are effective... 

Use when cause is obscure especially useful in evaluating equipment failures... 

Evaluate. Clinical engineers evaluate equipment before it is purchased to ensure it meets standards of current patient care and safety. They may make recommendations on the equipment a health care system should purchase to provide patients with cutting-edge care. They may manage or coordinate service contracts or purchase negotiations and... 

The greatest difficulty in using corrosive gas tests comes in deciding how to test entire assemblies of equipment, rather than just the metallization schemes used for connectors, and in evaluating equipment for those indoor environments where the RH may reach close to 100 %. The Battelle, Bellcore, and Siemens test conditions are intended for simulations of metals that will be used in office buildings, homes, and other air-conditioned environments. Enclosed environments such as sheds, utility huts, and non-air-conditioned manufacturing environments are more like outdoor than indoor environments with respect to RH. Standardized test conditions are not available. At this time, the test engineer has little alternative but to use the conditions that work for metals in indoor environments to cover all "enclosed" environments. 

Fault tree analysis is also very effective in determining the root cause of accidents and near miss incidents. It helps evaluate equipment failure and predict potential hazards. Fault tree analysis is a useful safety audit tool that uses very simple statements of fact and is very objective and realistic. 

Forty years ago anyone interested in fineparticle characterization who had a science degree could cope with the theory of the techniques and was able to build relatively simple equipment to carry out the measurements. In the two most recent areas of fineparticle characterization — diffractometers (discussed earlier) and the method to be discussed in this section photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), the relevant theories involve the use of concepts normally not studied until the post graduate level in an honours physics degree. The theory also involves electronic equipment and data processing concepts out of reach for people without a mathematical background. For these instruments the expensive electronic processing equipment and size evaluation equipment can truly be called a black box, from the point of view of the average operator. 

The ideas discussed in Chapter 9 are extended to evaluate the profitability of chemical processes. Profitability criteria using nondiscounted and discounted bases are presented and include net present value (NPV), discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR), and payback period (PBP). A discussion of evaluating equipment alternatives using equivalent annual operating costs (EAOC) and other methods is presented. Finally, the concept of evaluating risk is covered and an introduction to the Monte Carlo method is presented. 

A heuristic is a statement concerning equipment sizes, operating conditions, and equipment performance that reduces the need for calculations. A shortcut method replaces the need for extensive calculations in order to evaluate equipment sizes, operating conditions, and equipment performance. These are referred to as back-of-the-envelope calculations. In this text, we refer to both of these experience-based tools as guidelines or heuristics. 

We could easily make the high performance and extremely precision measurement for the analyses of chemical state and electron-bonding energy by customary laboratory system using SEM-TES system. This new technology is expected to develop rapidly as evaluation equipment of the chemical state... 

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