European Synchrotron Radiation Facility

A continuous lipidic cubic phase is obtained by mixing a long-chain lipid such as monoolein with a small amount of water. The result is a highly viscous state where the lipids are packed in curved continuous bilayers extending in three dimensions and which are interpenetrated by communicating aqueous channels. Crystallization of incorporated proteins starts inside the lipid phase and growth is achieved by lateral diffusion of the protein molecules to the nucleation sites. This system has recently been used to obtain three-dimensional crystals 20 x 20 x 8 pm in size of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin, which diffracted to 2 A resolution using a microfocus beam at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. 

An aerial view of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility at Grenoble, France, an advanced source of synchrotron x-ray radiation for use in the study of protein structure, as well as for use in the physical and material sciences. The synchrotron radiation is produced in the circular building in the lower left of the photograph. (Courtesy of ESRF.)... 

Riekel, C. Experimental Possibilities in Small Angle Scattering at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. 151, 205-229 (1989). 

European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France... 

Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) the measurements were mostly made at the Gilda Italian Beamline (equipped with a bending magnet) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble (France). 

A typical setup for NFS and NIS measurements as installed, for example, at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) [5] is shown in Fig. 9.1. 

European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (Grenoble, France) Mechanical elongation (e = l/l0 — 1)... 

Two different experiments have been performed at ID18F (p-XRD and p-XRF) and ID21 (p-XRF and p-XANES) beamlines at the ESRF (European Synchrotron Radiation Facilities, Grenoble, France). 

European standards, for lime and limestone products, 15 67 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 26 412 European Union (EU), 1 696... 

Figure 6.2 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (courtesy ESRF-Grenoble).

Riekel C (1989) Experimental Possibilities in Small Angle Scattering at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. 151 205-229 Rohr J, see Kirschning A (1997) 188 1 -83 Rohr J, see Krohn (1997) 188 127-195... 

We describe beamline ID09B at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), a laboratory for optical pump and x-ray probe experiments to 100-picosecond resolution. The x-ray source is a narrow-band undulator, which can produce up to 1 x 1010 photons in one pulse. The 3% bandwidth of the undulator is sufficiently monochromatic for most diffraction experiments in liquids. A Ti sapphire femtosecond laser is used for reaction initiation. The laser mns at 896 Hz and the wavelength is tunable between 290-1160 nm. The doubled (400 nm) and tripled wavelength (267 nm) are also available. The x-ray repetition frequency from the synchrotron is reduced to 896 Hz by a chopper. The time delay can be varied from 0 ps to 1 ms, which makes it possible to follow structural processes occurring in a wide range of time scales in one experiment. 

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