Ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensates

Wherever possible, the soaps and surfactants were added to the natural rubber latex as dilute aqueous solutions. The cases where this was not possible were (a) ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensates of low ethylene oxide fatty alcohol mole ratio, and (b) sparingly-soluble fatty-acid soaps such as lithium laurate and calcium soaps. The former were added as pastes with water, the latter as dry powders. In all cases, the latex samples were allowed to mature for about three days at room temperature before their mechanical stabilities were determined. This allowed some opportunity for the attainment of adsorption equilibrium. 

Effects of ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensates upon the mechanical and chemical stability of natural rubber latex (10)... 

The results summarised in Figure 7 show that small additions of ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensates to natural rubber latex generally cause the mechanical stability of the latex to fall. This phenomenon is attributed to the displacement of adsorbed proteinaceous molecules by the condensate molecules. Although the latter are more surface active than the former, they are presumably less effective in conferring mechanical stability upon the rubber particles, perhaps because, unlike the proteinaceous molecules, they are not ionised. 

Figure 7. Effect of added ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensates upon mechanical stability of natural rubber latex ( 0). Levels of condensate are expressed in parts by weight. Numbers appended to curves indicate overall mole ratio ethylene oxide fatty alcohol in condensate.

MST of latex in absence of ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensate 970 440 499 374... 

Interval I Particle Nucleation.—Piirma and Chang have published some very interesting results for the emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of an ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensate as surfactant. As expected, the rate of polymerization increases with increasing concentration of surfactant, but the unexpected feature is a pronounced increase in the rate of polymerization which always occurs at ca. 40% conversion. This increase is attributed to the nucleation of a new crop of particles following the release into the aqueous phase of surfactant, which was hitherto dissolved in the monomer droplets. It certainly seems to be significant that the pronounced acceleration of the polymerization occurs at approximately the conversion at which the monomer droplets are expected to disappear. Chen and Piirma have proposed that mixed micelles formed by hydrophobic association between surfactant monomer molecules and oligomers formed by aqueous-solution polymerization can provide significant numbers of loci... 

Fatty acid polygiycol ester Fatty acids source oil xoconut Fatty acids source oihsoya Fatty acids source oil mixed Fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide condensate Fatty alcohol sulfates Fatty amide Fatty amide Fatty amide blend Fatty amides and cationic poly-ethylenes blend Fatty amide condensate Fatty amide condensate wax Fatty amidoquaternary Fatty amine Fatty amine... 

Manufacturing procedures for producing dye dispersions are generally not disclosed. The principal dispersants in use include long-chain alkyl sulfates, alkaryl sulfonates, fatty amine—ethylene oxide condensates, fatty alcohol—ethylene oxide condensates, naphthalene—formaldehyde—sulfuric acid condensates, and the lignin sulfonic acids. 

The production of light coloured products with a requirement for low build-up of static electricity requires the addition of an ingredient which is capable of providing the rubber with a low electrical resistance. Quartemary ammonium salts and ethylene oxide condensates provide one route. Of the common plasticisers, phosphate types have the lowest electrical resistance conferring properties in rubbers. Special antistatic plasticisers, such as polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ethers, are designed to give rubbers with low surface resistivity. 

We interpret this observation as implying that, for these condensates, the effect upon mechanical stability is determined primarily by the binding of water to the ethylene oxide units which are anchored to the rubber-water interface by the fatty-alcohol moiety of the condensate. In the case of condensates for which the overall mole ratio of ethylene oxide to fatty alcohol exceeds ca. 30, the effect upon mechanical stability is much greater than would be expected on the basis of the total amount of ethylene oxide which has been added to the latex, as evidenced by the... 

Alkylphenol ethoxylates Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Castor oil ethoxylates Ethylene oxide-propylene oxide co-polymers Polyarylphenol ethoxylates Alkylphenol ethoxylate-formaldehyde condensates Non-ionic emulsifiers... 

CNC LEVELER 45 is an aqueous solution of a condensate of fatty alcohol with ethylene oxide. 

Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are prepared by the condensation of linear fatty alcohols with ethylene oxide. The reaction is controlled so that the required ether is formed with the polyethylene glycol of the desired molecular weight. 

Alkanol [Du Pont]. TM for a series of fatty alcohol-ethylene oxide condensation products used as nonionic surface-active agents in detergents and... 

Merpol [Du Pont], TM for fatty alcohol-ethylene oxide condensates. 

Ethoxylated Sulfonates The condensation of fatty alcohols and ethylene oxide yields non-ionic sufactants, which are low emulsifiers and low foamers. The ethoxylated sulfonates can be prepared by sulfonating ethoxylated alcohols. Sulfonated alcohols are excellent foamers as are the sulfonated versions of non-ionic surfactants. The ethoxylated sulfonates are also known as alcohol ether sulfonates. The laboratory results and field tests indicate that the mixed surfactant formulation composed of a petroleum sulfonate and ethoxylated sulfonate or alcohol can improve oil recovery as well as increase salinity tolerance. Ethoxylated sulfonates also lead to a greater flexibility in fluid system design because the degree of ethoxylation and/or the chain length may be varied to adjust slug viscosity. 

Metallic sulfonates, such as sodium sulfonate, are often used as emulsifiers in both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. Other emulsifiers used include ethylene oxide condensation products and derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols such as sorbitol and sulfosuccinates for water-in-oil emulsions. For oil-in-water emulsions, soaps of fatty acids, rosins, or naphthenic acids are often used as emulsifiers. In either application, the role of emulsifiers is to change the interfacial tension at the water and oil interface. In cases where emulsification with water is undesirable, demulsifiers are used. Frequently, the demulsifiers are heavy metal soaps, such as alkaline earth sulfonates. These surfactants function by lowering emulsion stability. 

TLC has been useful in the analysis of polyethylene oxide compounds. Compounds containing a small, medium or large number of ethylene oxide units are formed, depending on the amount introduced in the reaction. Burgeb [10] has determined the ethylene oxide content and molecular weight distribution of polyethylene oxide condensates with fatty acids, fatty alcohols and alkylphenols, using silica gel and the upper layer of a well shaken mixture of methyl ethyl ketone-water (50 + 50) (Fig. 189). Polymeric products ( condensates ) from reaction of ethylene oxide with fatty amines can be chromatographed in the upper phase of the mixture methyl ethyl ketone-2.5 % ammonium hydroxide... 

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