Ethylene oxide condensates

Ishida and co-workers [67] applied reactive pyrolysis in the presence of cobalt sulfate as a catalyst to the evaluation of ethylene oxide sequence up to E7 in copolymers on the basis of peak intensities of the cyclic ethers containing ethylene oxide unit fonnd on the pyrogram. Pyrolysis in the presence of cobalt sulfate gives a pyrogram in which cyclic ethers containing ethylene oxide (E) and oxymethylene units (E) are predominant. 

In this case, much larger cyclic ethers are observed up to the E7F and (E2F)3 using a capillary column. The peaks of E2F and F4 overlapped completely when using a non-polar column such as poly(dimethylsiloxane). By using mildly polar poly(methylphenylsiloxane), they were snfficiently resolved. The distributions of E units, as well as the E contents of the polymers, can be determined from the intensities of peaks due to these cyclic ethers obtained if the peaks on the pyrogram reflect the chemical structures in the original polymer chain. 

As would be expected from the polymer structure, in the pyrogram of the polyoxymethylene homopolymer (a), formaldehyde (F) and cyclic compounds comprising only F units are observed, whereas no cyclic ether containing E unit(s) is observed. This result suggests that the formation of E unit(s) from oxymethylene sequences does not occur during the reactive pyrolysis of the polyoxymethylene homopolymer sample. 

Similarly, in the pyrogram of polyoxymethylene-l,3dioxolane copolymer (b) (CH2O) -(CH2CH0)-(CH2CH20) , (5.38% ethylene oxide units sequence length = 1) only cyclic ethers reflected isolated E units, such as EE, EF2 and FE3, are observed in addition to the cyclic ethers formed from the F sequences. 

The method was applied to the determination of ethylene oxide sequences up to 7 units long in copolymers. On the basis of peak intensities of cyclic ethers containing ethylene oxide units in the programme, pyrolysis results were in reasonably good agreement with those obtained by hydrolysis-gas chromatography (Table 5.13). 

---

Sulfation by sulfamic acid has been used ia the preparation of detergents from dodecyl, oleyl, and other higher alcohols. It is also used ia sulfating phenols and phenol—ethylene oxide condensation products. Secondary alcohols react ia the presence of an amide catalyst, eg, acetamide or urea (24). Pyridine has also been used. Tertiary alcohols do not react. Reactions with phenols yield phenyl ammonium sulfates. These reactions iaclude those of naphthols, cresol, anisole, anethole, pyrocatechol, and hydroquinone. Ammonium aryl sulfates are formed as iatermediates and sulfonates are formed by subsequent rearrangement (25,26). 

Manufacturing procedures for producing dye dispersions are generally not disclosed. The principal dispersants in use include long-chain alkyl sulfates, alkaryl sulfonates, fatty amine—ethylene oxide condensates, fatty alcohol—ethylene oxide condensates, naphthalene—formaldehyde—sulfuric acid condensates, and the lignin sulfonic acids. 

Neutral cleaners (non-caustic based) These are ethylene oxide condensates, and easily emulsify the mineral oils and greases. They are more useful for sheet-metal components, which contain no lead compound lubricants (as used for deep-drawing operations), and are also suitable for non-ferrous... 

The production of light coloured products with a requirement for low build-up of static electricity requires the addition of an ingredient which is capable of providing the rubber with a low electrical resistance. Quartemary ammonium salts and ethylene oxide condensates provide one route. Of the common plasticisers, phosphate types have the lowest electrical resistance conferring properties in rubbers. Special antistatic plasticisers, such as polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ethers, are designed to give rubbers with low surface resistivity. 

N.M Jardine G. Harries, USP 3510370 (1970) CA 73, l6965m(1970) (Aqueous expl slurry contg ethylene oxide condensate sensitizer, such as a mixt of fine AN 69, the condensation product of octylphenol with... 

Chemical nature Straight chain aliphatic ethylene oxide condensate... 

Nature Mixture of ethylene oxide condensation products and anionic components. 

CNC SCROOP is an ethylene oxide condensate which produces an excellent scroop in rayon, nylon acetate and orIon piece goods yarn or stock. This product also is an outstanding antistatic agent and fiber lubricant. 

Chemical Nature Ethylene-oxide condensate Solubility Soluble in water above 140F. 

Ethylene ether condensate Ethylene oxide condensate Ethylene oxide condensate Ethylene urea and melamine methylolation product Ethylene urea formaldehyde resin-modified... 

Fatty acid polygiycol ester Fatty acids source oil xoconut Fatty acids source oihsoya Fatty acids source oil mixed Fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide condensate Fatty alcohol sulfates Fatty amide Fatty amide Fatty amide blend Fatty amides and cationic poly-ethylenes blend Fatty amide condensate Fatty amide condensate wax Fatty amidoquaternary Fatty amine Fatty amine... 

Mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants are usually employed. The anionic emulsifiers are the less water soluble and control the number and size of the particles. The nonionic surfactants are often ethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols their water solubility is proportional to ihedcgree of polymerization of the poly(ethylene oxide) component. Their function is primarily to provide colloidal stability against electrolytes, mechanical shearing, and freezing. 

The alkylphenol ethylene oxide condensates have been the most widely produced nonionic detergent. These condensates are solubilized by the ethylene oxide units forming hydrates with water. Compared with all other materials that dissolve in water, these products show an apparent anomaly their solutions are completely clear in the cold, but when heated they become turbid and, if the temperature is raised sufficiently, separation into two phases can take place. This is explained by the fact that at an elevated temperature the hydrates are destroyed. 

A convenient arrangement is to place the cylinder of condensed gas on a scale so that the decrease in weight can be noted and to have the gas inlet tube extend about 2 cm. above the surface of the liquid so that gaseous ethylene oxide condenses in the cooled reaction mixture. 

Alkanol [Du Pont]. TM for a series of fatty alcohol-ethylene oxide condensation products used as nonionic surface-active agents in detergents and... 

Merpol [Du Pont], TM for fatty alcohol-ethylene oxide condensates. 

The nitrogen assumes cationic properties and forms a complex with the dye anion. The non-ionic ethylene oxide condensate portion of the molecule keeps the addition product in a state of solution. The wool has no affinity for the dye anion which is comple.xed with the nitrogen atom at low temperatures. As the liquor becomes hotter the dye anions are gradually released. Not only does it follow that the dye becomes available at a steady and slow rate, but also the release takes place at higher temperatures when the fibre is more swollen and the dye aggregates are broken down. 

Neolan Salt P, an anionic product. Palatine Fast Salt O, a fatty acid ethylene oxide condensate, and Dispersol A, an aliphatic ethylene oxide condensate, have been recommended as assistants capable of permitting... 

A single-bath method can be used if desired. The dyes are dissolved separately and added to the dyebath which already contains an ethylene oxide condensate which acts as an anti-precipitant. The dyebath is adjusted to pH 5 to 5-5 with acetic acid and sodium acetate and the goods are entered at 40 to 45°C (104 to 113°F). A period of 45 minutes is taken to raise the temperature to the boil, at which it is maintained for one hour. Alternatively, the acrylic fibre may be dyed first and then the same liquor is neutralized and the cellulosic fibre is dyed. Application of a cationic fixing agent improves wet fastness of direct dyes but copper after-treatment should be avoided because this can have an adverse effect on the light fastness of the cationic dye. Very good fastness is obtained if, after the acrylic component has been dyed, the cellulosic fibre is brought to shade with vat dyes. 

Sizing materials may include, variously or in combination, starch (native or chemically modified), tallow, sulfonated tallow, fatty combinations with ethylene oxide condensates, gelatin, polyacrylic acid, and a host of other natural and synthetic materials. 

Dehscoxid. [Albright Wilson Am.] Ethylene oxide condensates for synthetic alcohol f(x agrochemical formulations and other industrial applies. 

Unisol. [IQ Surf. UK] Ethylene oxide condensates leveling agent, penetration and dyeing assistant fa dyestuffs. 

Alkyl ethylene oxide condensates and nonionic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) or poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymers become insoluble in water above a certain temperature, usually designated as the cloud point. The polymer chains collapse at this temperature, and, consequently, flocculation of aqueous dispersions or emulsions stabilized by these surfactants occurs when the system is heated above the cloud point. 

Glycerine ethoxylate Glycerine, ethoxylated Glycerin, ethylene oxide condensate. See Glycereth... 

Metallic sulfonates, such as sodium sulfonate, are often used as emulsifiers in both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. Other emulsifiers used include ethylene oxide condensation products and derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols such as sorbitol and sulfosuccinates for water-in-oil emulsions. For oil-in-water emulsions, soaps of fatty acids, rosins, or naphthenic acids are often used as emulsifiers. In either application, the role of emulsifiers is to change the interfacial tension at the water and oil interface. In cases where emulsification with water is undesirable, demulsifiers are used. Frequently, the demulsifiers are heavy metal soaps, such as alkaline earth sulfonates. These surfactants function by lowering emulsion stability. 

Fig. 189. Thin-layer chromatogram of ethylene oxide condensates with phenol with various numbers of ethylene oxide (EO) units. Layer silica gel G solvent ...

Sulphation and Sulphamation - Sulphamic acid can be regarded as an ammonia-SOa complex and has been used thus commercially, always in anhydrous systems. Sulphation of mono, i.e. primary and seconday polyhydric alcohols unsaturated alcohols phenols and phenol ethylene oxide condensation products has been performed with sulphamic acid. The best-known application of sulphamic acid for sulphamation is the preparation of sodium cyclohexylsulphamate, which is a synthetic sweetener. 

---