Antistatic specialities

Special types of carbon black may be incorporated in latexes used for backing of carpets to enhance their conductivity. Nylon carpets backed with such conductive latex offer excellent antistatic properties even at 10% rh (110). 

See 2-3.1. Electrical conduction through solids takes place both through the bulk material and over the surface. In most cases surfaces have different physical and chemical properties than the bulk, for example due to contamination or moisture. Volume and surface resistivity can be separately measured for solid materials such as antistatic plastic sheet. Powders represent a special case since although both surface and bulk conduction occur, their contributions cannot be individually measured and the volume or bulk resistivity of a powder includes surface effects. 

Overalls special requirements (flame retardant, antistatic), frequency of laundering Protective clothing suits, spats, armlets, helmets, gloves for specific applications, footwear (industrial and/or antistatic)... 

Overalls special requirements (flame retardant, antistatic), frequency of laundering... 

The production of light coloured products with a requirement for low build-up of static electricity requires the addition of an ingredient which is capable of providing the rubber with a low electrical resistance. Quartemary ammonium salts and ethylene oxide condensates provide one route. Of the common plasticisers, phosphate types have the lowest electrical resistance conferring properties in rubbers. Special antistatic plasticisers, such as polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ethers, are designed to give rubbers with low surface resistivity. 

Even if this class covers the smallest market segment, amphoteric surfactants still remain useful because of their unique properties, which justifies their comparably high manufacturing costs. Since they have partial anionic and cationic character, they can be compatible, under specific conditions, with both anionic and cationic surfactants. They can function in acid or basic pH systems and, at their isoelectric point, they exhibit special behaviour. Many amphoteric surfactants demonstrate exceptional foaming and detergency properties combined with antistatic effects. 

Polystyrenes are good insulators even in a wet environment with high dielectric resistivities, fair rigidities and low loss factors. Special grades are marketed for electrical applications. Antistatic and conductive grades are marketed. 

SES and SEES are insulating and are used for low-tension wire and cable jacketing. Special grades are antistatic or conductive. 

Compositions of ABS polymers that contain a special ethylene oxide copolymer have been developed, which do not suffer from these drawbacks. The ethylene oxide copolymer consists of ethylene oxide and 1-naphthyl glycidyl ether. The copolymer a should have a high refractive index of more than 1.50. The presence of this copolymer in the ABS resin composition gives a product of remarkably improved surface appearance when the composition is subjected to injection molding. In addition, the resin composition has an excellent antistatic property (23). 

Electrical Conductivity. The electrical conductivity of carbon blacks is inferior to that of graphite, and is dependent on the type of production process, as well as on the specific surface area and structure. Since the limiting factor in electrical conductivity is generally the transition resistance between neighboring particles, compression or concentration of pure or dispersed carbon black, respectively, plays an important role. Special grades of carbon black are used to donate to polymers antistatic or electrically conductive properties. Carbon blacks with a high conductivity and high adsorption capacity for electrolyte solutions are used in dry-cell batteries. 

Besides their two main uses as reinforcing fillers and pigments, small amounts of carbon blacks are used by the electrical industry to manufacture dry cells, electrodes, and carbon brushes. Special blacks are used to give plastics antistatic or electrical conduction properties. Another application is the UV stabilization of polyolefins [4.31]. 

Cationic surfactants are used in only limited tonnage for specially detergent products, such us metal cleaners for electroplating, and more commonly in ancillary textile laundering products for their fabric-softening, antistatic, and germicidal properties. A typical canonic surfactant would be tallow trimetbylammoniuin chloride ... 

Examples of known phosphazene polymer blends are those in which phosphazenes with methylamino, trifluoroethoxy, phenoxy, or oligo-ethyleneoxy side groups form blends with poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), or polyethylene oxide).97 100 IPNs have been produced from [NP(OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3)2] (MEEP) and poly(methyl methacrylate).101-103 In addition, a special type of IPN has been reported in which a water-soluble polyphosphazene such as MEEP forms an IPN with a silicate or titanate network generated by hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane or tetraalkoxytitanane.104 These materials are polyphosphazene/ceramic composites, which have been described as suitable materials for the preparation of antistatic layers in the manufacture of photographic film. 

Conductive polymers have found other applications, however, often in areas where their relatively high cost is justified by highly specialized uses for which other products are not nearly as effective. For example, a variety of such polymers have been used as antistatic agents on photographic film, in carpeting, and in surgical rooms ... 

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