Fatty alcohol condensates

Wherever possible, the soaps and surfactants were added to the natural rubber latex as dilute aqueous solutions. The cases where this was not possible were (a) ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensates of low ethylene oxide fatty alcohol mole ratio, and (b) sparingly-soluble fatty-acid soaps such as lithium laurate and calcium soaps. The former were added as pastes with water, the latter as dry powders. In all cases, the latex samples were allowed to mature for about three days at room temperature before their mechanical stabilities were determined. This allowed some opportunity for the attainment of adsorption equilibrium. 

Effects of ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensates upon the mechanical and chemical stability of natural rubber latex (10)... 

The results summarised in Figure 7 show that small additions of ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensates to natural rubber latex generally cause the mechanical stability of the latex to fall. This phenomenon is attributed to the displacement of adsorbed proteinaceous molecules by the condensate molecules. Although the latter are more surface active than the former, they are presumably less effective in conferring mechanical stability upon the rubber particles, perhaps because, unlike the proteinaceous molecules, they are not ionised. 

Figure 7. Effect of added ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensates upon mechanical stability of natural rubber latex ( 0). Levels of condensate are expressed in parts by weight. Numbers appended to curves indicate overall mole ratio ethylene oxide fatty alcohol in condensate.

MST of latex in absence of ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensate 970 440 499 374... 

Promal en . [Amerchol] Fatty alcohol condensates gelling agent emulsifier, emollient stabilizer for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. 

Pnnna genC>. [AmoclK Fatty alcohol condensates gdling i ent, emulsifier, emollient, arid stalnlizer for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. 

Interval I Particle Nucleation.—Piirma and Chang have published some very interesting results for the emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of an ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensate as surfactant. As expected, the rate of polymerization increases with increasing concentration of surfactant, but the unexpected feature is a pronounced increase in the rate of polymerization which always occurs at ca. 40% conversion. This increase is attributed to the nucleation of a new crop of particles following the release into the aqueous phase of surfactant, which was hitherto dissolved in the monomer droplets. It certainly seems to be significant that the pronounced acceleration of the polymerization occurs at approximately the conversion at which the monomer droplets are expected to disappear. Chen and Piirma have proposed that mixed micelles formed by hydrophobic association between surfactant monomer molecules and oligomers formed by aqueous-solution polymerization can provide significant numbers of loci... 

Luke, B. G., Alkylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensates by GC,J. Chromatogr., 1973,84,43-49. 

The conversion of fatty alcohols is approximately 99%. The reaction product is then condensed and sent to a distillation column to remove water and high boilers. Typically, a-olefin carbon-number distribution is controlled by the alcohol composition of the reactor feed. The process is currentiy used to produce a-olefins from fatty alcohols. A typical product composition is at <5%, at 50—70%, C g at 30—50%, C2Q at <2%,... 

The adsorbed layer at G—L or S—L surfaces ia practical surfactant systems may have a complex composition. The adsorbed molecules or ions may be close-packed forming almost a condensed film with solvent molecules virtually excluded from the surface, or widely spaced and behave somewhat like a two-dimensional gas. The adsorbed film may be multilayer rather than monolayer. Counterions are sometimes present with the surfactant ia the adsorbed layer. Mixed moaolayers are known that iavolve molecular complexes, eg, oae-to-oae complexes of fatty alcohol sulfates with fatty alcohols (10), as well as complexes betweea fatty acids and fatty acid soaps (11). Competitive or preferential adsorption between multiple solutes at G—L and L—L iaterfaces is an important effect ia foaming, foam stabiLizatioa, and defoaming (see Defoamers). 

Manufacturing procedures for producing dye dispersions are generally not disclosed. The principal dispersants in use include long-chain alkyl sulfates, alkaryl sulfonates, fatty amine—ethylene oxide condensates, fatty alcohol—ethylene oxide condensates, naphthalene—formaldehyde—sulfuric acid condensates, and the lignin sulfonic acids. 

More recent publications on sulfosuccinates have confirmed the minimal or close to zero skin and eye irritation caused by these products. In a general screening of product safety evaluation methods the authors [16] rejected the sulfosuccinate from further consideration in the statistical analysis of experimental data (variance analysis) because the product had not shown any irritation in the Duhring-Chamber test. The sulfosuccinate (based on fatty alcohol ethoxy late) was tested in a screening with 14 other surfactants, namely, alkyl sulfates, sulfonates, ether sulfates, and a protein fatty acid condensation product. 

The production of light coloured products with a requirement for low build-up of static electricity requires the addition of an ingredient which is capable of providing the rubber with a low electrical resistance. Quartemary ammonium salts and ethylene oxide condensates provide one route. Of the common plasticisers, phosphate types have the lowest electrical resistance conferring properties in rubbers. Special antistatic plasticisers, such as polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ethers, are designed to give rubbers with low surface resistivity. 

In 1899 R. C. Guerbet discovered the self-condensation reaction of alcohols, which, via the aldehyde as an intermediate, lead to branched structures (2-alkyl alcohols) (Fig. 4.21) - the Guerbet alcohols. Starting with fatty alcohols from vegetable sources, such as octanol and decanol, the corresponding C1(, and C2o alcohols are produced (2-hexyldecanol and 2-octyldecanol, respectively). The reaction is carried out under alkali catalysis and high temperatures (>200 °C). Over the years, both products have proven to be efficient emollients, but are also used for other applications, such as plasticizers or components for lubricants (Fig. 4.21). 

In the case of simple amphiphiles (fatty acids, fatty alcohols, lecithins, etc.), in several cases, transition phenomena have been observed between the gaseous and coherent states of films, which show a very striking resemblance to the condensation of vapors to liquids in three-dimensional systems. The liquid films shows various states in the case of some amphiphiles, as shown in Figure 4.6 (schematic). In fact, if the II versus A data deviate from the ideal equation, then the following interactions may be expected in the film ... 

Waxy ketones Synthetic esters Fatty acid amides Amide derivatives Imide condensation products Fatty alcohols Fatty acidis Metal soaps Palmitone cetyl stearate palmitamide stearanilide N-hexadecyl phthalimide stearyl alcohol stearic acid 12 hydroxstearic acid calcium resinate barium resinate calcium stearate barium stearate ... 

We interpret this observation as implying that, for these condensates, the effect upon mechanical stability is determined primarily by the binding of water to the ethylene oxide units which are anchored to the rubber-water interface by the fatty-alcohol moiety of the condensate. In the case of condensates for which the overall mole ratio of ethylene oxide to fatty alcohol exceeds ca. 30, the effect upon mechanical stability is much greater than would be expected on the basis of the total amount of ethylene oxide which has been added to the latex, as evidenced by the... 

For a number of processes, reactive distillation is not possible, as some of the reactants are destroyed or degraded in side reactions by heating them up to boiling temperature. Examples of such processes are the Knoevenagel-condensation of aldehydes or ketones with components of high CH-acidity, the production of enam-ines or carbonic acid amides, or the esterification of fatty acids with fatty alcohols to fatty esters [7]. 

Alkylphenol ethoxylates Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Castor oil ethoxylates Ethylene oxide-propylene oxide co-polymers Polyarylphenol ethoxylates Alkylphenol ethoxylate-formaldehyde condensates Non-ionic emulsifiers... 

Highly branched and saturated oily Guerbet polymers having primary alcohols have been prepared by condensing 1,9-, 1,10-, or 1,12-aliphatic diols with behenyl alcohol and zinc oxide. To control the molecular weight, each polymer was capped with a C12 or higher fatty alcohol. 

CNC LEVELER 45 is an aqueous solution of a condensate of fatty alcohol with ethylene oxide. 

Fatty acid polygiycol ester Fatty acids source oil xoconut Fatty acids source oihsoya Fatty acids source oil mixed Fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide condensate Fatty alcohol sulfates Fatty amide Fatty amide Fatty amide blend Fatty amides and cationic poly-ethylenes blend Fatty amide condensate Fatty amide condensate wax Fatty amidoquaternary Fatty amine Fatty amine... 

---