Ethical issues Association

A potentially promising, although very controversial, approach to the treatment of Parkinson s disease is replacement of dopaminergic neurons. The grafting of fetal substantia nigra tissue, which contains the dopamine neurons, into the striatum of parkinsonian patients has been modestly successful. The procedure will remain experimental, however, until the many practical problems and ethical issues associated with the use of fetal tissue are resolved. The discovery of pluripotent stem cells is also being viewed as a possible way of developing dopamine neurons for transplant purposes. 

The increased used of vaccines has drawn attention to ethical issues associated with safety and the risk-benefit ratio in some cases has come under scrutiny. Vaccines are usually given to patients who are otherwise healthy and have a lower tolerance for risk. Adverse reactions are either quite common ( 10%) or very rare ( 0.0001%). The question of justifiable risk in a healthy population then becomes problematic and difficult to identify. 

Identify the key ethical issues associated with nursing in disaster situations and show increased awareness of the difficulties associated with neutrality and independence. 

The modem practice of pharmacy is in a state of evolution. One important element of that evolutionary state is the inclusion within the scope of practice of some pharmacists in some jurisdictions of the right to prescribe medications to a patient. A pharmacist who undertakes the new skill of prescribing must acquire the appropriate skills consistent with the sophistication of the task or risk liability on various levels. This article will summarize critical legal and ethical issues associated with the evolving function of the pharmacist prescriber. 

This article has summarized critical legal and ethical issues associated with the evolving function of the pharmacist prescriber. The purpose of this chapter is not to discourage pharmacists interested in prescribing, but to review critical issues associated with a new role. With proper training, communication with the patient and the patient s physician, adherence to the appropriate standard of care, avoidance of ethical and criminal breaches, the modern pharmacist will be able to contribute even more to the health care team. 

However, there are serious ethical issues associated with these types of animal model experiment. A careful balance is needed to weight pros and cons. Some of the concerns voiced are reflected in an editorial posted on the website of Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA as follows (Andre and Velasquez, 1988 see also Rollin, 2012) ... 

Given the expense and ethical issues associated with the current mouse bioassay, the sources of funding and support for the program. 

Bronzino, J.D. Chapter 20. Moral and Ethical Issues Associated with Medical Technology. Introduction to Biomedical Engineering. Academic Press, New York, 1999. 

In addition to further improvement of the efficiency of these systems, we believe that also a significant focus should be put on environmental and ethical issues associated with their large-scale application. Only if these aspects are taken into account during process development, biocatalysis can reach its full potential for sustainable asymmetric reduction reactions. 

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